Upgrade cloudflared to 2025.7.0, remove cloudflare-go

Updates #33

Author: Erisa

Dockerfile

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Build container
-ARG GOVERSION=1.23
+ARG GOVERSION=1.24
 ARG ALPINEVERSION
 
 FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} \
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ ENV GO111MODULE=on \
 
 ARG VERSION=master
 RUN git clone https://github.com/cloudflare/cloudflared --depth=1 --branch ${VERSION} .
-RUN bash -x .teamcity/install-cloudflare-go.sh
 
 # From this point on, step(s) are duplicated per-architecture
 ARG TARGETOS

docker-bake.hcl

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 variable "CLOUDFLARED_VERSION" {
-    default = "2025.4.2"
+    default = "2025.7.0"
 }
 
 variable "LATEST" {
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ variable "MULTI_PLATFORM" {
 }
 
 variable "GOVERSION" {
-    default = "1.23.9"
+    default = "1.24.5"
 }
 
 variable "ALPINEVERSION" {
-    default = "3.21"
+    default = "3.22"
 }
 
 target "default" {
@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ target "default" {
         LATEST ? "erisamoe/cloudflared:latest" : "",
         LATEST ? "ghcr.io/erisa/cloudflared:latest" : "",
     ]
-}
+}