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defer

延迟调用（defer） · Go语言中文文档

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {

	var whatever [5]struct{}

	fmt.Println(whatever)

	for i := range whatever {
		fmt.Println(i)
	}
}

/*
[{} {} {} {} {}]
0
1
2
3
4
*/
package main

import "fmt"

func main() {

	var whatever [5]struct{}

	fmt.Println(whatever)

	for i := range whatever {
		defer fmt.Println(i)
	}
}

/*
[{} {} {} {} {}]
4
3
2
1
0
*/

defer 碰上闭包

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {

	var whatever [5]struct{}

	fmt.Println(whatever)

	for i := range whatever {
		defer func() { fmt.Println(i) }()
	}
}

/*
loop variable i captured by func literal
*/

/*
[{} {} {} {} {}]
4
4
4
4
4
*/

defer f.Close

package main

import "fmt"

type Test struct {
	name string
}

func (t *Test) Close() {
	fmt.Println(t.name, " closed")
}
func main() {
	ts := []Test{{"a"}, {"b"}, {"c"}}
	fmt.Printf("%T, %v, %p\n", ts, ts, ts)
	for _, t := range ts {
		fmt.Printf("%T, %v, %p\n", t, t, &t)
		t.Close()
	}
}

/*
[]main.Test, [{a} {b} {c}],0xc00006e150
main.Test, {a}, 0xc000010280
a  closed
main.Test, {b}, 0xc000010280
b  closed
main.Test, {c}, 0xc000010280
c  closed
*/
package main

import "fmt"

type Test struct {
	name string
}

func (t *Test) Close() {
	fmt.Println(t.name, " closed")
}
func main() {
	ts := []Test{{"a"}, {"b"}, {"c"}}
	fmt.Printf("%T, %v, %p\n", ts, ts, ts)
	for _, t := range ts {
		fmt.Printf("%T, %v, %p\n", t, t, &t)
		defer t.Close()
	}
}

/*
[]main.Test, [{a} {b} {c}], 0xc00006e150
main.Test, {a}, 0xc000010280
main.Test, {b}, 0xc000010280
main.Test, {c}, 0xc000010280
c  closed
c  closed
c  closed
*/
package main

import "fmt"

type Test struct {
	name string
}

func (t *Test) Close() {
	fmt.Println(t.name, " closed")
}
func Close(t Test) {
	fmt.Printf("%T, %v, %p\n", t, t, &t)
	t.Close()
}
func main() {
	ts := []Test{{"a"}, {"b"}, {"c"}}
	fmt.Printf("%T, %v, %p\n", ts, ts, ts)
	for _, t := range ts {
		fmt.Printf("%T, %v, %p\n", t, t, &t)
		defer Close(t)
	}
}

/*
[]main.Test, [{a} {b} {c}], 0xc0000a0150
main.Test, {a}, 0xc00009e240
main.Test, {b}, 0xc00009e240
main.Test, {c}, 0xc00009e240
main.Test, {c}, 0xc00009e2b0
c  closed
main.Test, {b}, 0xc00009e2f0
b  closed
main.Test, {a}, 0xc00009e330
a  closed
*/
package main

import "fmt"

type Test struct {
	name string
}

func (t *Test) Close() {
	fmt.Println(t.name, " closed")
}
func main() {
	ts := []Test{{"a"}, {"b"}, {"c"}}
	fmt.Printf("%T, %v, %p\n", ts, ts, ts)
	for _, t := range ts {
		fmt.Printf("%T, %v, %p\n", t, t, &t)
		t2 := t
		fmt.Printf("%T, %v, %p\n", t2, t2, &t2)
		defer t2.Close()
	}
}

/*
[]main.Test, [{a} {b} {c}], 0xc0000a0150
main.Test, {a}, 0xc00009e240
main.Test, {a}, 0xc00009e270
main.Test, {b}, 0xc00009e240
main.Test, {b}, 0xc00009e2d0
main.Test, {c}, 0xc00009e240
main.Test, {c}, 0xc00009e330
c  closed
b  closed
a  closed
*/

多个 defer 注册，按 FILO 次序执行 ( 先进后出 )。

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	test(0)
}

func test(x int) {
	defer fmt.Println("a")
	defer fmt.Println("b")

	defer func() {
		fmt.Println(100 / x)
	}()

	defer fmt.Println("c")
}

/*
c
b
a
panic: runtime error: integer divide by zero
*/

延迟调用参数在注册时求值或复制，可用指针或闭包 "延迟" 读取。

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	test()
}

func test() {
	x, y := 10, 20

	defer func(i int) {
		fmt.Println("defer: ", i, y)
	}(x)

	x += 10
	y += 100

	fmt.Println("x=", x, " y=", y)
}

/*
x= 20  y= 120
defer:  10 120
*/

滥用 defer 可能会导致性能问题，尤其是在一个 "大循环" 里。

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"sync"
	"time"
)

var lock sync.Mutex

func test() {
	lock.Lock()
	lock.Unlock()
}

func testdefer() {
	lock.Lock()
	defer lock.Unlock()
}

func main() {
	func() {
		t1 := time.Now()

		for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
			test()
		}
		elapsed := time.Since(t1)
		fmt.Println("test elapsed: ", elapsed)
	}()
	func() {
		t1 := time.Now()

		for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
			testdefer()
		}
		elapsed := time.Since(t1)
		fmt.Println("testdefer elapsed: ", elapsed)
	}()

}

/*
test elapsed:  165.732µs
testdefer elapsed:  168.037µs
*/

defer陷阱

defer 与 closure

package main

import (
	"errors"
	"fmt"
)

func foo(a, b int) (i int, err error) {
	defer fmt.Printf("first defer err %v\n", err)
	defer func(err error) { fmt.Printf("second defer err %v\n", err) }(err)
	defer func() { fmt.Printf("third defer err %v\n", err) }()
	if b == 0 {
		err = errors.New("divided by zero!")
		return
	}

	i = a / b
	return
}

func main() {
	foo(2, 0)
}

/*
third defer err divided by zero!
second defer err <nil>
first defer err <nil>
*/

defer 与 return

package main

import "fmt"

func foo() (i int) {

	i = 0
	defer func() {
		fmt.Println(i)
	}()

	return 2
}

func main() {
	foo()
}

/*
2
*/

defer nil 函数

package main

import (
	"fmt"
)

func test() {
	var run func() = nil
	defer run()
	fmt.Println("runs")
}

func main() {
	defer func() {
		if err := recover(); err != nil {
			fmt.Println(err)
		}
	}()
	test()
}

/*
runs
runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference
*/

在错误的位置使用 defer

package main

import "net/http"

func do() error {
	res, err := http.Get("http://www.google1.com")
	defer res.Body.Close()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// ..code...

	return nil
}

func main() {
	do()
}

/*
panic: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference
*/

解决方案

package main

import "net/http"

func do() error {
	res, err := http.Get("http://xxxxxxxxxx")
	if res != nil {
		defer res.Body.Close()
	}

	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// ..code...

	return nil
}

func main() {
	do()
}

不检查错误

package main

import "os"

func do() error {
	f, err := os.Open("book.txt")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if f != nil {
		defer f.Close()
	}

	// ..code...

	return nil
}

func main() {
	do()
}

改进一下

package main

import "os"

func do() error {
	f, err := os.Open("book.txt")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if f != nil {
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				// log etc
			}
		}()
	}

	// ..code...

	return nil
}

func main() {
	do()
}

再改进一下

package main

import "os"

func do() (err error) {
	f, err := os.Open("book.txt")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if f != nil {
		defer func() {
			if ferr := f.Close(); ferr != nil {
				err = ferr
			}
		}()
	}

	// ..code...

	return nil
}

func main() {
	do()
}

释放不同的资源

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"
)

func do() error {
	f, err := os.Open("book.txt")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if f != nil {
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				fmt.Printf("defer close book.txt err %v\n", err)
			}
		}()
	}

	// ..code...

	f, err = os.Open("another-book.txt")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if f != nil {
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				fmt.Printf("defer close another-book.txt err %v\n", err)
			}
		}()
	}

	return nil
}

func main() {
	do()
}

解决方案

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"os"
)

func do() error {
	f, err := os.Open("book.txt")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if f != nil {
		defer func(f io.Closer) {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				fmt.Printf("defer close book.txt err %v\n", err)
			}
		}(f)
	}

	// ..code...

	f, err = os.Open("another-book.txt")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if f != nil {
		defer func(f io.Closer) {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				fmt.Printf("defer close another-book.txt err %v\n", err)
			}
		}(f)
	}

	return nil
}

func main() {
	do()
}