diff --git a/_tests/test/core/application_ref_test.dart b/_tests/test/core/application_ref_test.dart
index 8b0f6a4402..8610cf8259 100644
--- a/_tests/test/core/application_ref_test.dart
+++ b/_tests/test/core/application_ref_test.dart
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ import 'package:test/test.dart';
 import 'application_ref_test.template.dart' as ng;
 
 void main() {
-  ApplicationRefImpl appRef;
+  ApplicationRef appRef;
 
   group('dispose should ', () {
     setUp(() {
-      appRef = new ApplicationRefImpl(
+      appRef = internalCreateApplicationRef(
         new NgZone(enableLongStackTrace: true),
         new Injector.map({
           ExceptionHandler: const BrowserExceptionHandler(),
diff --git a/angular/lib/src/bootstrap/modules.dart b/angular/lib/src/bootstrap/modules.dart
index dd37aa7c90..dd0c6aa451 100644
--- a/angular/lib/src/bootstrap/modules.dart
+++ b/angular/lib/src/bootstrap/modules.dart
@@ -121,7 +121,11 @@ String createRandomAppId() {
 @experimental
 const bootstrapLegacyModule = const <Object>[
   bootstrapMinimalModule,
-  const Provider(ApplicationRef, useClass: ApplicationRefImpl),
+  const Provider(
+    ApplicationRef,
+    useFactory: internalCreateApplicationRef,
+    deps: const [NgZone, Injector],
+  ),
   const Provider(AppViewUtils),
   const Provider(SlowComponentLoader),
 ];
diff --git a/angular/lib/src/bootstrap/run.dart b/angular/lib/src/bootstrap/run.dart
index f4f96cf801..a3fc59981d 100644
--- a/angular/lib/src/bootstrap/run.dart
+++ b/angular/lib/src/bootstrap/run.dart
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Injector appInjector(InjectorFactory userProvidedInjector) {
   // We also add other top-level services with similar constraints:
   // * `AppViewUtils`
   return ngZone.run(() {
-    applicationRef = new ApplicationRefImpl(
+    applicationRef = internalCreateApplicationRef(
       ngZone,
       userInjector,
     );
diff --git a/angular/lib/src/core/application_ref.dart b/angular/lib/src/core/application_ref.dart
index 7e4e9f01de..d6d6ce6d2e 100644
--- a/angular/lib/src/core/application_ref.dart
+++ b/angular/lib/src/core/application_ref.dart
@@ -3,137 +3,140 @@ import 'dart:html';
 
 import 'package:angular/src/core/change_detection/host.dart';
 import 'package:angular/src/runtime.dart';
+import 'package:meta/dart2js.dart' as dart2js;
 
 import '../facade/exception_handler.dart' show ExceptionHandler;
 import 'change_detection/host.dart';
 import 'di.dart';
 import 'linker/component_factory.dart' show ComponentRef, ComponentFactory;
 import 'testability/testability.dart' show TestabilityRegistry, Testability;
-import 'zone/ng_zone.dart' show NgZone, NgZoneError;
+import 'zone/ng_zone.dart' show NgZone;
 
-/// Create an Angular zone.
-NgZone createNgZone() => new NgZone(enableLongStackTrace: isDevMode);
+/// **INTERNAL ONLY**: Do not use.
+@dart2js.tryInline
+ApplicationRef internalCreateApplicationRef(
+  NgZone ngZone,
+  Injector injector,
+) {
+  return new ApplicationRef._(
+    ngZone,
+    unsafeCast(injector.get(ExceptionHandler)),
+    injector,
+  );
+}
 
 /// A reference to an Angular application running on a page.
 ///
 /// For more about Angular applications, see the documentation for [bootstrap].
-abstract class ApplicationRef implements ChangeDetectionHost {
-  /// Register a listener to be called when the application is disposed.
-  void registerDisposeListener(void Function() listener);
-
-  /// Bootstrap a new component at the root level of the application.
-  ///
-  /// When bootstrapping a new root component into an application,
-  /// Angular mounts the specified application component onto DOM elements
-  /// identified by the component's selector and kicks off automatic change
-  /// detection to finish initializing the component.
-  ComponentRef<T> bootstrap<T>(ComponentFactory<T> componentFactory);
-
-  /// Dispose of this application and all of its components.
-  void dispose();
-}
+class ApplicationRef extends ChangeDetectionHost {
+  final List<void Function()> _disposeListeners = [];
+  final List<ComponentRef<void>> _rootComponents = [];
 
-@Injectable()
-class ApplicationRefImpl extends ApplicationRef with ChangeDetectionHost {
-  final NgZone _zone;
+  final ExceptionHandler _exceptionHandler;
   final Injector _injector;
-  final List<void Function()> _disposeListeners = [];
-  final List<ComponentRef> _rootComponents = [];
-  final List<StreamSubscription> _streamSubscriptions = [];
+  final NgZone _ngZone;
 
-  ExceptionHandler _exceptionHandler;
+  StreamSubscription<void> _onErrorSub;
+  StreamSubscription<void> _onMicroSub;
 
-  ApplicationRefImpl(this._zone, this._injector) {
-    _zone.run(() {
-      _exceptionHandler = unsafeCast(_injector.get(ExceptionHandler));
-    });
-    _streamSubscriptions.add(_zone.onError.listen((NgZoneError error) {
+  ApplicationRef._(
+    this._ngZone,
+    this._exceptionHandler,
+    this._injector,
+  ) {
+    _onErrorSub = _ngZone.onError.listen((e) {
       handleUncaughtException(
-        error.error,
-        new StackTrace.fromString(error.stackTrace.join('\n')),
+        e.error,
+        new StackTrace.fromString(e.stackTrace.join('\n')),
       );
-    }));
-    _streamSubscriptions.add(_zone.onMicrotaskEmpty.listen((_) {
-      _zone.runGuarded(() {
-        tick();
-      });
-    }));
+    });
+    _onMicroSub = _ngZone.onMicrotaskEmpty.listen((_) {
+      _ngZone.runGuarded(tick);
+    });
   }
+
+  /// Register a listener to be called when the application is disposed.
   void registerDisposeListener(void Function() listener) {
     _disposeListeners.add(listener);
   }
 
+  /// Bootstrap a new component at the root level of the application.
+  ///
+  /// When bootstrapping a new root component into an application,
+  /// Angular mounts the specified application component onto DOM elements
+  /// identified by the component's selector and kicks off automatic change
+  /// detection to finish initializing the component.
   ComponentRef<T> bootstrap<T>(ComponentFactory<T> componentFactory) {
     return unsafeCast(run(() {
-      var compRef = componentFactory.create(_injector, const []);
-      Element existingElement =
-          document.querySelector(componentFactory.selector);
+      final component = componentFactory.create(_injector);
+      final existing = querySelector(componentFactory.selector);
       Element replacement;
-      if (existingElement != null) {
-        Element newElement = compRef.location;
+      if (existing != null) {
+        final newElement = component.location;
         // For app shards using bootstrapStatic, transfer element id
         // from original node to allow hosting applications to locate loaded
         // application root.
         if (newElement.id == null || newElement.id.isEmpty) {
-          newElement.id = existingElement.id;
+          newElement.id = existing.id;
         }
-        existingElement.replaceWith(newElement);
         replacement = newElement;
+        existing.replaceWith(replacement);
       } else {
-        assert(compRef.location != null,
-            'Could not locate node with selector ${componentFactory.selector}');
-        document.body.append(compRef.location);
+        assert(component.location != null);
+        document.body.append(component.location);
       }
-      compRef.onDestroy(() {
-        _unloadComponent(compRef);
-        replacement?.remove();
-      });
-      var testability = compRef.injector.get(Testability, null);
+      final testability = unsafeCast<Testability>(
+        component.injector.get(Testability, null),
+      );
       if (testability != null) {
-        compRef.injector
-            .get(TestabilityRegistry)
-            .registerApplication(compRef.location, testability);
+        final registry = unsafeCast<TestabilityRegistry>(
+          _injector.get(TestabilityRegistry),
+        );
+        registry.registerApplication(component.location, testability);
       }
-      _loadComponent(compRef);
-      return compRef;
+      _loadedRootComponent(component, replacement);
+      return component;
     }));
   }
 
-  void _loadComponent(ComponentRef<dynamic> componentRef) {
-    registerChangeDetector(componentRef.changeDetectorRef);
+  void _loadedRootComponent(ComponentRef<void> component, Element node) {
+    _rootComponents.add(component);
+    component.onDestroy(() {
+      _destroyedRootComponent(component);
+      node?.remove();
+    });
+    registerChangeDetector(component.changeDetectorRef);
     tick();
-    _rootComponents.add(componentRef);
   }
 
-  void _unloadComponent(ComponentRef<dynamic> componentRef) {
-    if (!_rootComponents.contains(componentRef)) {
+  void _destroyedRootComponent(ComponentRef<void> component) {
+    if (!_rootComponents.remove(component)) {
       return;
     }
-    unregisterChangeDetector(componentRef.changeDetectorRef);
-    _rootComponents.remove(componentRef);
+    unregisterChangeDetector(component.changeDetectorRef);
   }
 
-  @override
+  /// Dispose of this application and all of its components.
   void dispose() {
-    for (var ref in _rootComponents) {
-      ref.destroy();
-    }
-    for (var dispose in _disposeListeners) {
-      dispose();
+    _onErrorSub.cancel();
+    _onMicroSub.cancel();
+    for (final component in _rootComponents) {
+      component.destroy();
     }
-    _disposeListeners.clear();
-    for (var subscription in _streamSubscriptions) {
-      subscription.cancel();
+    for (final listener in _disposeListeners) {
+      listener();
     }
-    _streamSubscriptions.clear();
   }
 
   @override
-  void handleUncaughtException(Object error,
-      [StackTrace trace, String reason]) {
+  void handleUncaughtException(
+    Object error, [
+    StackTrace trace,
+    String reason,
+  ]) {
     _exceptionHandler.call(error, trace, reason);
   }
 
   @override
-  R runInZone<R>(R Function() callback) => _zone.run(callback);
+  R runInZone<R>(R Function() callback) => _ngZone.run(callback);
 }
diff --git a/angular_test/lib/src/bootstrap.dart b/angular_test/lib/src/bootstrap.dart
index f74d75f7da..b615dc4c17 100644
--- a/angular_test/lib/src/bootstrap.dart
+++ b/angular_test/lib/src/bootstrap.dart
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Future<ComponentRef<E>> bootstrapForTest<E>(
   }
   // This should be kept in sync with 'runApp' as much as possible.
   final injector = appInjector(userInjector);
-  final ApplicationRefImpl appRef = injector.get(ApplicationRef);
+  final ApplicationRef appRef = injector.get(ApplicationRef);
   NgZoneError caughtError;
   final NgZone ngZone = injector.get(NgZone);
   final onErrorSub = ngZone.onError.listen((e) {
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Future<ComponentRef<E>> bootstrapForTest<E>(
 }
 
 Future<ComponentRef<E>> _runAndLoadComponent<E>(
-  ApplicationRefImpl appRef,
+  ApplicationRef appRef,
   ComponentFactory<E> componentFactory,
   Element hostElement,
   Injector injector, {