[pyupgrade] Add rules to use PEP 695 generics in classes and functions (UP046, UP047) (#15565)

## Summary

This PR extends our [PEP 695](https://peps.python.org/pep-0695) handling
from the type aliases handled by `UP040` to generic function and class
parameters, as suggested in the latter two examples from #4617:

```python
# Input
T = TypeVar("T", bound=float)
class A(Generic[T]):
    ...

def f(t: T):
    ...

# Output
class A[T: float]:
    ...

def f[T: float](t: T):
    ...
```

I first implemented this as part of `UP040`, but based on a brief
discussion during a very helpful pairing session with @AlexWaygood, I
opted to split them into rules separate from `UP040` and then also
separate from each other. From a quick look, and based on [this
issue](asottile/pyupgrade#836), I'm pretty
sure neither of these rules is currently in pyupgrade, so I just took
the next available codes, `UP046` and `UP047`.

The last main TODO, noted in the rule file and in the fixture, is to
handle generic method parameters not included in the class itself, `S`
in this case:

```python
T = TypeVar("T")
S = TypeVar("S")

class Foo(Generic[T]):
    def bar(self, x: T, y: S) -> S: ...
```

but Alex mentioned that that might be okay to leave for a follow-up PR.

I also left a TODO about handling multiple subclasses instead of bailing
out when more than one is present. I'm not sure how common that would
be, but I can still handle it here, or follow up on that too.

I think this is unrelated to the PR, but when I ran `cargo dev
generate-all`, it removed the rule code `PLW0101` from
`ruff.schema.json`. It seemed unrelated, so I left that out, but I
wanted to mention it just in case.

## Test Plan

New test fixture, `cargo nextest run`

Closes #4617, closes #12542

---------

Co-authored-by: Alex Waygood <[email protected]>

Author: ntBre

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/pyupgrade/UP040.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import typing
-from typing import TypeAlias
+from typing import Any, TypeAlias
 
 # UP040
 x: typing.TypeAlias = int
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ class Foo:
 T = typing.TypeVar(*args)
 x: typing.TypeAlias = list[T]
 
+# `default` should be skipped for now, added in Python 3.13
+T = typing.TypeVar("T", default=Any)
+x: typing.TypeAlias = list[T]
+
 # OK
 x: TypeAlias
 x: int = 1
@@ -85,3 +89,7 @@ class Foo:
 PositiveList = TypeAliasType(
     "PositiveList2", list[Annotated[T, Gt(0)]], type_params=(T,)
 )
+
+# `default` should be skipped for now, added in Python 3.13
+T = typing.TypeVar("T", default=Any)
+AnyList = TypeAliasType("AnyList", list[T], typep_params=(T,))

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/pyupgrade/UP046_0.py

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+from typing import Any, AnyStr, Generic, ParamSpec, TypeVar, TypeVarTuple
+
+from somewhere import SupportsRichComparisonT
+
+S = TypeVar("S", str, bytes)  # constrained type variable
+T = TypeVar("T", bound=float)
+Ts = TypeVarTuple("Ts")
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+
+class A(Generic[T]):
+    # Comments in a class body are preserved
+    var: T
+
+
+class B(Generic[*Ts]):
+    var: tuple[*Ts]
+
+
+class C(Generic[P]):
+    var: P
+
+
+class Constrained(Generic[S]):
+    var: S
+
+
+# This case gets a diagnostic but not a fix because we can't look up the bounds
+# or constraints on the TypeVar imported from another module
+class ExternalType(Generic[T, SupportsRichComparisonT]):
+    var: T
+    compare: SupportsRichComparisonT
+
+
+# typing.AnyStr is a common external type variable, so treat it specially as a
+# known TypeVar
+class MyStr(Generic[AnyStr]):
+    s: AnyStr
+
+
+class MultipleGenerics(Generic[S, T, *Ts, P]):
+    var: S
+    typ: T
+    tup: tuple[*Ts]
+    pep: P
+
+
+class MultipleBaseClasses(list, Generic[T]):
+    var: T
+
+
+# These cases are not handled
+class D(Generic[T, T]):  # duplicate generic variable, runtime error
+    pass
+
+
+# TODO(brent) we should also apply the fix to methods, but it will need a
+# little more work. these should be left alone for now but be fixed eventually.
+class NotGeneric:
+    # -> generic_method[T: float](t: T)
+    def generic_method(t: T) -> T:
+        return t
+
+
+# This one is strange in particular because of the mix of old- and new-style
+# generics, but according to the PEP, this is okay "if the class, function, or
+# type alias does not use the new syntax." `more_generic` doesn't use the new
+# syntax, so it can use T from the module and U from the class scope.
+class MixedGenerics[U]:
+    def more_generic(u: U, t: T) -> tuple[U, T]:
+        return (u, t)
+
+
+# TODO(brent) we should also handle multiple base classes
+class Multiple(NotGeneric, Generic[T]):
+    pass
+
+
+# TODO(brent) default requires 3.13
+V = TypeVar("V", default=Any, bound=str)
+
+
+class DefaultTypeVar(Generic[V]):  # -> [V: str = Any]
+    var: V
+
+
+# nested classes and functions are skipped
+class Outer:
+    class Inner(Generic[T]):
+        var: T

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/pyupgrade/UP046_1.py

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+"""Replacing AnyStr requires specifying the constraints `bytes` and `str`, so
+it can't be replaced if these have been shadowed. This test is in a separate
+fixture because it doesn't seem possible to restore `str` to its builtin state
+"""
+
+from typing import AnyStr, Generic
+
+str = "string"
+
+
+class BadStr(Generic[AnyStr]):
+    var: AnyStr

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/pyupgrade/UP047.py

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any, AnyStr, ParamSpec, TypeVar, TypeVarTuple
+
+from somewhere import Something
+
+S = TypeVar("S", str, bytes)  # constrained type variable
+T = TypeVar("T", bound=float)
+Ts = TypeVarTuple("Ts")
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+
+def f(t: T) -> T:
+    return t
+
+
+def g(ts: tuple[*Ts]) -> tuple[*Ts]:
+    return ts
+
+
+def h(
+    p: Callable[P, T],
+    # Comment in the middle of a parameter list should be preserved
+    another_param,
+    and_another,
+) -> Callable[P, T]:
+    return p
+
+
+def i(s: S) -> S:
+    return s
+
+
+# NOTE this case is the reason the fix is marked unsafe. If we can't confirm
+# that one of the type parameters (`Something` in this case) is a TypeVar,
+# which we can't do across module boundaries, we will not convert it to a
+# generic type parameter. This leads to code that mixes old-style standalone
+# TypeVars with the new-style generic syntax and will be rejected by type
+# checkers
+def broken_fix(okay: T, bad: Something) -> tuple[T, Something]:
+    return (okay, bad)
+
+
+def any_str_param(s: AnyStr) -> AnyStr:
+    return s
+
+
+# these cases are not handled
+
+# TODO(brent) default requires 3.13
+V = TypeVar("V", default=Any, bound=str)
+
+
+def default_var(v: V) -> V:
+    return v
+
+
+def outer():
+    def inner(t: T) -> T:
+        return t

crates/ruff_linter/src/checkers/ast/analyze/statement.rs

@@ -376,6 +376,9 @@ pub(crate) fn statement(stmt: &Stmt, checker: &mut Checker) {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::PytestParameterWithDefaultArgument) {
                 flake8_pytest_style::rules::parameter_with_default_argument(checker, function_def);
             }
+            if checker.enabled(Rule::NonPEP695GenericFunction) {
+                pyupgrade::rules::non_pep695_generic_function(checker, function_def);
+            }
         }
         Stmt::Return(_) => {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::ReturnOutsideFunction) {
@@ -554,6 +557,9 @@ pub(crate) fn statement(stmt: &Stmt, checker: &mut Checker) {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::DataclassEnum) {
                 ruff::rules::dataclass_enum(checker, class_def);
             }
+            if checker.enabled(Rule::NonPEP695GenericClass) {
+                pyupgrade::rules::non_pep695_generic_class(checker, class_def);
+            }
         }
         Stmt::Import(ast::StmtImport { names, range: _ }) => {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::MultipleImportsOnOneLine) {

crates/ruff_linter/src/codes.rs

@@ -540,6 +540,8 @@ pub fn code_to_rule(linter: Linter, code: &str) -> Option<(RuleGroup, Rule)> {
         (Pyupgrade, "043") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pyupgrade::rules::UnnecessaryDefaultTypeArgs),
         (Pyupgrade, "044") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::pyupgrade::rules::NonPEP646Unpack),
         (Pyupgrade, "045") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::pyupgrade::rules::NonPEP604AnnotationOptional),
+        (Pyupgrade, "046") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::pyupgrade::rules::NonPEP695GenericClass),
+        (Pyupgrade, "047") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::pyupgrade::rules::NonPEP695GenericFunction),
 
         // pydocstyle
         (Pydocstyle, "100") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pydocstyle::rules::UndocumentedPublicModule),

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pyupgrade/mod.rs

@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ mod tests {
     #[test_case(Rule::YieldInForLoop, Path::new("UP028_1.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::NonPEP695TypeAlias, Path::new("UP040.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::NonPEP695TypeAlias, Path::new("UP040.pyi"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::NonPEP695GenericClass, Path::new("UP046_0.py"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::NonPEP695GenericClass, Path::new("UP046_1.py"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::NonPEP695GenericFunction, Path::new("UP047.py"))]
     fn rules(rule_code: Rule, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let snapshot = path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
         let diagnostics = test_path(

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pyupgrade/rules/mod.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ pub(crate) use native_literals::*;
 pub(crate) use open_alias::*;
 pub(crate) use os_error_alias::*;
 pub(crate) use outdated_version_block::*;
+pub(crate) use pep695::*;
 pub(crate) use printf_string_formatting::*;
 pub(crate) use quoted_annotation::*;
 pub(crate) use redundant_open_modes::*;
@@ -36,7 +37,6 @@ pub(crate) use use_pep585_annotation::*;
 pub(crate) use use_pep604_annotation::*;
 pub(crate) use use_pep604_isinstance::*;
 pub(crate) use use_pep646_unpack::*;
-pub(crate) use use_pep695_type_alias::*;
 pub(crate) use useless_metaclass_type::*;
 pub(crate) use useless_object_inheritance::*;
 pub(crate) use yield_in_for_loop::*;
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ mod native_literals;
 mod open_alias;
 mod os_error_alias;
 mod outdated_version_block;
+mod pep695;
 mod printf_string_formatting;
 mod quoted_annotation;
 mod redundant_open_modes;
@@ -79,7 +80,6 @@ mod use_pep585_annotation;
 mod use_pep604_annotation;
 mod use_pep604_isinstance;
 mod use_pep646_unpack;
-mod use_pep695_type_alias;
 mod useless_metaclass_type;
 mod useless_object_inheritance;
 mod yield_in_for_loop;