cmd/go: add regression test for cryptic vcs errors

On Go 1.11.x, if one ran 'go build' on a main package within a module,
while a needed vcs program like git was missing, a confusing error would
show up:

	build testmod: cannot find module for path rsc.io/quote

The error should instead point at the source of the problem, which is
the missing vcs program. Thankfully, Go 1.12 doesn't have this bug, even
though it doesn't seem like the bug was fixed directly and
intentionally.

To ensure that this particular edge case isn't broken again, add a
regression test. Piggyback on mod_vcs_missing, since it already requires
a missing vcs program and network access.

I double-checked that Go 1.11 fails this test via /usr/bin/go, which is
1.11.3 on my system:

	$ PATH=~/tip/bin go test -v -run Script/mod_vcs_missing
	[...]
	> exec /usr/bin/go build
	[stderr]
	build m: cannot find module for path launchpad.net/gocheck

Fixes #28948.

Change-Id: Iff1bcf77d9f7c11d15935cb87d6f58d7981d33d2
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/155537
Run-TryBot: Daniel Martí <[email protected]>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Bryan C. Mills <[email protected]>

Author: mvdan

src/cmd/go/testdata/script/mod_vcs_missing.txt

@@ -4,8 +4,25 @@
 env GO111MODULE=on
 env GOPROXY=
 
+cd empty
 ! go list launchpad.net/gocheck
 stderr '"bzr": executable file not found'
+cd ..
 
--- go.mod --
+# 1.11 used to give the cryptic error "cannot find module for path" here, but
+# only for a main package.
+cd main
+! go build
+stderr '"bzr": executable file not found'
+cd ..
+
+-- empty/go.mod --
+module m
+-- main/go.mod --
 module m
+-- main/main.go --
+package main
+
+import _ "launchpad.net/gocheck"
+
+func main() {}