diff --git a/src/compiler/checker.ts b/src/compiler/checker.ts
index 967ad86941b40..c10c6763369a4 100644
--- a/src/compiler/checker.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/checker.ts
@@ -16208,6 +16208,46 @@ export function createTypeChecker(host: TypeCheckerHost): TypeChecker {
                 /*readonly*/ false, target.labeledElementDeclarations && target.labeledElementDeclarations.slice(index, endIndex));
     }
 
+    function expandTupleShape(source: TupleTypeReference, target: TupleTypeReference): Type {
+        const sourceArity = getTypeReferenceArity(source);
+        const targetArity = getTypeReferenceArity(target);
+        const sourceElementTypes = getTypeArguments(source);
+        const targetElementTypes = getTypeArguments(target);
+
+        let resultTypes: Type[] | undefined;
+        let resultFlags: ElementFlags[] | undefined;
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < targetArity; i++) {
+            if (i >= sourceArity) {
+                if (!resultTypes) {
+                    resultTypes = sourceElementTypes.slice();
+                    resultFlags = source.target.elementFlags.slice();
+                }
+                const targetFlag = target.target.elementFlags[i];
+                resultTypes.push(anyType);
+                resultFlags!.push(targetFlag);
+            }
+            else if (isTupleType(sourceElementTypes[i]) && isTupleType(targetElementTypes[i])) {
+                const result = expandTupleShape(sourceElementTypes[i] as TupleTypeReference, targetElementTypes[i] as TupleTypeReference);
+                if (result === sourceElementTypes[i]) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!resultTypes) {
+                    resultTypes = sourceElementTypes.slice(0, i);
+                    resultFlags = source.target.elementFlags.slice(0, i);
+                }
+                resultTypes.push(result);
+                resultFlags!.push(source.target.elementFlags[i]);
+            }
+            else if (resultTypes) {
+                resultTypes.push(sourceElementTypes[i]);
+                resultFlags!.push(source.target.elementFlags[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return resultTypes ? createTupleType(resultTypes, resultFlags) : source;
+    }
+
     function getKnownKeysOfTupleType(type: TupleTypeReference) {
         return getUnionType(append(arrayOf(type.target.fixedLength, i => getStringLiteralType("" + i)),
             getIndexType(type.target.readonly ? globalReadonlyArrayType : globalArrayType)));
@@ -32443,7 +32483,7 @@ export function createTypeChecker(host: TypeCheckerHost): TypeChecker {
         // return type of 'wrap'.
         if (node.kind !== SyntaxKind.Decorator) {
             const skipBindingPatterns = every(signature.typeParameters, p => !!getDefaultFromTypeParameter(p));
-            const contextualType = getContextualType(node, skipBindingPatterns ? ContextFlags.SkipBindingPatterns : ContextFlags.None);
+            let contextualType = getContextualType(node, skipBindingPatterns ? ContextFlags.SkipBindingPatterns : ContextFlags.None);
             if (contextualType) {
                 const inferenceTargetType = getReturnTypeOfSignature(signature);
                 if (couldContainTypeVariables(inferenceTargetType)) {
@@ -32479,6 +32519,14 @@ export function createTypeChecker(host: TypeCheckerHost): TypeChecker {
                         // Inferences made from return types have lower priority than all other inferences.
                         inferTypes(context.inferences, inferenceSourceType, inferenceTargetType, InferencePriority.ReturnType);
                     }
+                    // if the contextual type is a tuple and it's is coming from a binding pattern
+                    // then we might need to expand it to match the arity of the target type
+                    // this allows us to infer tuples even if the binding pattern is shorter than the target type, like here:
+                    //   declare function fn<T>(t: T) => [T, string[]];
+                    //   const [[x]] = fn(['hi']);
+                    else if (isTupleType(contextualType) && isTupleType(inferenceTargetType)) {
+                        contextualType = expandTupleShape(contextualType, inferenceTargetType);
+                    }
                     // Create a type mapper for instantiating generic contextual types using the inferences made
                     // from the return type. We need a separate inference pass here because (a) instantiation of
                     // the source type uses the outer context's return mapper (which excludes inferences made from
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=false).js b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=false).js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c027c13ec53d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=false).js
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//// [tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts] ////
+
+//// [inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts]
+declare function f<T>(cb: () => T): T;
+const [e1, e2, e3] = f(() => [1, "hi", true]);
+
+// repro from #42969
+declare const f2: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [T, string[]];
+const [[f2e1]] = f2(['1']);
+f2e1.toLowerCase();
+
+declare const f3: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [[T, string[]]];
+const [[[f3e1]]] = f3(['1']);
+f3e1.toLowerCase();
+
+//// [inferTupleFromBindingPattern.js]
+"use strict";
+var _a = f(function () { return [1, "hi", true]; }), e1 = _a[0], e2 = _a[1], e3 = _a[2];
+var f2e1 = f2(['1'])[0][0];
+f2e1.toLowerCase();
+var f3e1 = f3(['1'])[0][0][0];
+f3e1.toLowerCase();
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=false).symbols b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=false).symbols
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a2a1beb0da801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=false).symbols
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//// [tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts] ////
+
+=== inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts ===
+declare function f<T>(cb: () => T): T;
+>f : Symbol(f, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 0))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 19))
+>cb : Symbol(cb, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 22))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 19))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 19))
+
+const [e1, e2, e3] = f(() => [1, "hi", true]);
+>e1 : Symbol(e1, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 1, 7))
+>e2 : Symbol(e2, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 1, 10))
+>e3 : Symbol(e3, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 1, 14))
+>f : Symbol(f, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 0))
+
+// repro from #42969
+declare const f2: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [T, string[]];
+>f2 : Symbol(f2, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 4, 13))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 4, 19))
+>t : Symbol(t, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 4, 39))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 4, 19))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 4, 19))
+
+const [[f2e1]] = f2(['1']);
+>f2e1 : Symbol(f2e1, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 5, 8))
+>f2 : Symbol(f2, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 4, 13))
+
+f2e1.toLowerCase();
+>f2e1.toLowerCase : Symbol(String.toLowerCase, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+>f2e1 : Symbol(f2e1, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 5, 8))
+>toLowerCase : Symbol(String.toLowerCase, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+
+declare const f3: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [[T, string[]]];
+>f3 : Symbol(f3, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 8, 13))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 8, 19))
+>t : Symbol(t, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 8, 39))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 8, 19))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 8, 19))
+
+const [[[f3e1]]] = f3(['1']);
+>f3e1 : Symbol(f3e1, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 9, 9))
+>f3 : Symbol(f3, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 8, 13))
+
+f3e1.toLowerCase();
+>f3e1.toLowerCase : Symbol(String.toLowerCase, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+>f3e1 : Symbol(f3e1, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 9, 9))
+>toLowerCase : Symbol(String.toLowerCase, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=false).types b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=false).types
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..834dd0db960f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=false).types
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//// [tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts] ////
+
+=== inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts ===
+declare function f<T>(cb: () => T): T;
+>f : <T>(cb: () => T) => T
+>cb : () => T
+
+const [e1, e2, e3] = f(() => [1, "hi", true]);
+>e1 : number
+>e2 : string
+>e3 : boolean
+>f(() => [1, "hi", true]) : [number, string, boolean]
+>f : <T>(cb: () => T) => T
+>() => [1, "hi", true] : () => [number, string, boolean]
+>[1, "hi", true] : [number, string, true]
+>1 : 1
+>"hi" : "hi"
+>true : true
+
+// repro from #42969
+declare const f2: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [T, string[]];
+>f2 : <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [T, string[]]
+>t : T
+
+const [[f2e1]] = f2(['1']);
+>f2e1 : string
+>f2(['1']) : [[string], string[]]
+>f2 : <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [T, string[]]
+>['1'] : [string]
+>'1' : "1"
+
+f2e1.toLowerCase();
+>f2e1.toLowerCase() : string
+>f2e1.toLowerCase : () => string
+>f2e1 : string
+>toLowerCase : () => string
+
+declare const f3: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [[T, string[]]];
+>f3 : <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [[T, string[]]]
+>t : T
+
+const [[[f3e1]]] = f3(['1']);
+>f3e1 : string
+>f3(['1']) : [[[string], string[]]]
+>f3 : <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [[T, string[]]]
+>['1'] : [string]
+>'1' : "1"
+
+f3e1.toLowerCase();
+>f3e1.toLowerCase() : string
+>f3e1.toLowerCase : () => string
+>f3e1 : string
+>toLowerCase : () => string
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=true).js b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=true).js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c027c13ec53d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=true).js
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//// [tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts] ////
+
+//// [inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts]
+declare function f<T>(cb: () => T): T;
+const [e1, e2, e3] = f(() => [1, "hi", true]);
+
+// repro from #42969
+declare const f2: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [T, string[]];
+const [[f2e1]] = f2(['1']);
+f2e1.toLowerCase();
+
+declare const f3: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [[T, string[]]];
+const [[[f3e1]]] = f3(['1']);
+f3e1.toLowerCase();
+
+//// [inferTupleFromBindingPattern.js]
+"use strict";
+var _a = f(function () { return [1, "hi", true]; }), e1 = _a[0], e2 = _a[1], e3 = _a[2];
+var f2e1 = f2(['1'])[0][0];
+f2e1.toLowerCase();
+var f3e1 = f3(['1'])[0][0][0];
+f3e1.toLowerCase();
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=true).symbols b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=true).symbols
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a2a1beb0da801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=true).symbols
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+//// [tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts] ////
+
+=== inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts ===
+declare function f<T>(cb: () => T): T;
+>f : Symbol(f, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 0))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 19))
+>cb : Symbol(cb, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 22))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 19))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 19))
+
+const [e1, e2, e3] = f(() => [1, "hi", true]);
+>e1 : Symbol(e1, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 1, 7))
+>e2 : Symbol(e2, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 1, 10))
+>e3 : Symbol(e3, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 1, 14))
+>f : Symbol(f, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 0))
+
+// repro from #42969
+declare const f2: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [T, string[]];
+>f2 : Symbol(f2, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 4, 13))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 4, 19))
+>t : Symbol(t, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 4, 39))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 4, 19))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 4, 19))
+
+const [[f2e1]] = f2(['1']);
+>f2e1 : Symbol(f2e1, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 5, 8))
+>f2 : Symbol(f2, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 4, 13))
+
+f2e1.toLowerCase();
+>f2e1.toLowerCase : Symbol(String.toLowerCase, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+>f2e1 : Symbol(f2e1, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 5, 8))
+>toLowerCase : Symbol(String.toLowerCase, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+
+declare const f3: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [[T, string[]]];
+>f3 : Symbol(f3, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 8, 13))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 8, 19))
+>t : Symbol(t, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 8, 39))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 8, 19))
+>T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 8, 19))
+
+const [[[f3e1]]] = f3(['1']);
+>f3e1 : Symbol(f3e1, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 9, 9))
+>f3 : Symbol(f3, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 8, 13))
+
+f3e1.toLowerCase();
+>f3e1.toLowerCase : Symbol(String.toLowerCase, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+>f3e1 : Symbol(f3e1, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 9, 9))
+>toLowerCase : Symbol(String.toLowerCase, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --))
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=true).types b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=true).types
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..834dd0db960f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern(nouncheckedindexedaccess=true).types
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//// [tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts] ////
+
+=== inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts ===
+declare function f<T>(cb: () => T): T;
+>f : <T>(cb: () => T) => T
+>cb : () => T
+
+const [e1, e2, e3] = f(() => [1, "hi", true]);
+>e1 : number
+>e2 : string
+>e3 : boolean
+>f(() => [1, "hi", true]) : [number, string, boolean]
+>f : <T>(cb: () => T) => T
+>() => [1, "hi", true] : () => [number, string, boolean]
+>[1, "hi", true] : [number, string, true]
+>1 : 1
+>"hi" : "hi"
+>true : true
+
+// repro from #42969
+declare const f2: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [T, string[]];
+>f2 : <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [T, string[]]
+>t : T
+
+const [[f2e1]] = f2(['1']);
+>f2e1 : string
+>f2(['1']) : [[string], string[]]
+>f2 : <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [T, string[]]
+>['1'] : [string]
+>'1' : "1"
+
+f2e1.toLowerCase();
+>f2e1.toLowerCase() : string
+>f2e1.toLowerCase : () => string
+>f2e1 : string
+>toLowerCase : () => string
+
+declare const f3: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [[T, string[]]];
+>f3 : <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [[T, string[]]]
+>t : T
+
+const [[[f3e1]]] = f3(['1']);
+>f3e1 : string
+>f3(['1']) : [[[string], string[]]]
+>f3 : <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [[T, string[]]]
+>['1'] : [string]
+>'1' : "1"
+
+f3e1.toLowerCase();
+>f3e1.toLowerCase() : string
+>f3e1.toLowerCase : () => string
+>f3e1 : string
+>toLowerCase : () => string
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.js b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.js
deleted file mode 100644
index bab1caa7c1696..0000000000000
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-//// [tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts] ////
-
-//// [inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts]
-declare function f<T>(cb: () => T): T;
-const [e1, e2, e3] = f(() => [1, "hi", true]);
-
-
-//// [inferTupleFromBindingPattern.js]
-var _a = f(function () { return [1, "hi", true]; }), e1 = _a[0], e2 = _a[1], e3 = _a[2];
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.symbols b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.symbols
deleted file mode 100644
index bba0820623cda..0000000000000
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.symbols
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-//// [tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts] ////
-
-=== inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts ===
-declare function f<T>(cb: () => T): T;
->f : Symbol(f, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 0))
->T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 19))
->cb : Symbol(cb, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 22))
->T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 19))
->T : Symbol(T, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 19))
-
-const [e1, e2, e3] = f(() => [1, "hi", true]);
->e1 : Symbol(e1, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 1, 7))
->e2 : Symbol(e2, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 1, 10))
->e3 : Symbol(e3, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 1, 14))
->f : Symbol(f, Decl(inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts, 0, 0))
-
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.types b/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.types
deleted file mode 100644
index f05074b07147d..0000000000000
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.types
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-//// [tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts] ////
-
-=== inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts ===
-declare function f<T>(cb: () => T): T;
->f : <T>(cb: () => T) => T
->cb : () => T
-
-const [e1, e2, e3] = f(() => [1, "hi", true]);
->e1 : number
->e2 : string
->e3 : boolean
->f(() => [1, "hi", true]) : [number, string, boolean]
->f : <T>(cb: () => T) => T
->() => [1, "hi", true] : () => [number, string, boolean]
->[1, "hi", true] : [number, string, true]
->1 : 1
->"hi" : "hi"
->true : true
-
diff --git a/tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts b/tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts
index 7c0c1dea98193..437ce5647bdd2 100644
--- a/tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts
+++ b/tests/cases/compiler/inferTupleFromBindingPattern.ts
@@ -1,2 +1,14 @@
+// @strict: true
+// @noUncheckedIndexedAccess: true, false
+
 declare function f<T>(cb: () => T): T;
 const [e1, e2, e3] = f(() => [1, "hi", true]);
+
+// repro from #42969
+declare const f2: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [T, string[]];
+const [[f2e1]] = f2(['1']);
+f2e1.toLowerCase();
+
+declare const f3: <T extends string[]>(t: T) => [[T, string[]]];
+const [[[f3e1]]] = f3(['1']);
+f3e1.toLowerCase();
\ No newline at end of file