StateSpace Module Hurricane Case Study ~~WIP~~ Ready for Review (#763)

* StateSpace Module Hurricane Case Study WIP

* attempt to fix plot rendering on ReviewNB

* attempt to fix plot rendering on ReviewNB try jupyterlab renderer

* attempt to fix plot rendering on ReviewNB try notebook renderer

* 1. Made changes in accordance to reviewer comments
2. Improved 24-hour ahead forecasts of simplest model
3. Added a section and model with how to add exogenous variables to the model

* 1. added forecast to exogenous variables section
2. cleaned up typos and figure sizes/zoom

* 1. updated the exogenous covariates section
2. Added a non-linear B-Splines section

* 1. Added text to spline section
2. Added closing remarks section
3. Updated references bib file

* 1. fixed typos, latex errors, and improved readability of text
2. Restructured function docstrings to comply with numpy's guidestyle
3. Added ODE derivation of Newtonian equations of motion
4. Added legend to origins scatterplot
5. Fixed issue with passing in future covariates into exogenous model when forecasting
6. Added model evaluations and comparisons
7. Fixed issue with diffuse initialization of P0

* updated notebook removing exogenous forecasts hack

* made some figures static to reduce file size

* 1. updated docstring indentation
2. updated generate forecast utility
3. updated how mode=JAX is specified
4. renamed simple model to Newtonian model
5. added explanations to exogenous data duplicating and mirroring
6. added note on how the newtonian model differs from typical parameteric models

* attempt to fix latex rendering

* missed spot in cleaning up latex

* updated equation number to attempt to fix latex rendering

* removed equation numbering

* fixed broken reference in closing remarks

* updated headers. Only one H1 header in notebook

* updated authoring dates and fixed missed h3 header

* made change to utilize conditional posteriors for predictive state means and covariances. Updated plotly setting to automatically select renderer

* Revert "made change to utilize conditional posteriors for predictive state means and covariances. Updated plotly setting to automatically select renderer"

This reverts commit 07355d2.

Revert using conditional posterior to using save_kalman_filter_outputs_in_idata

* try mimetype plotly renderer

* try sphinx_gallery plotly renderer

* try modifying javascript to render correctly

* try disabling plotly mathjax

* try iframe renderer

* changed plotly to static rendering

* fixed inconsistency where transition matrix was sometimes referred to with A and sometimes with T to only being referred to using T

* try remove-cell tag to change thumbnail

Author: Dekermanjian