chore(ci): Docker base image layers caching

- Cache base image layers only
- Cache for verify job only
- Do not cache for publish job since:
  - most of the work is cross compiling
  - go.mod often change between publish jobs
  - prevent bugs introduced due to the cache (unlikely)

Author: adamus1red

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -44,14 +44,48 @@ jobs:
           locale: "US"
           level: error
 
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+
+      - uses: actions/cache@v2
+        with:
+          path: /tmp/.buildx-cache
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ github.sha }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-
+
+      - name: Build and cache base image layers
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
+        with:
+          target: base
+          cache-from: type=local,src=/tmp/.buildx-cache
+          cache-to: type=local,dest=/tmp/.buildx-cache-new,mode=max
+
+      # Temp fix
+      # https://github.com/docker/build-push-action/issues/252
+      # https://github.com/moby/buildkit/issues/1896
+      - name: Move cache
+        run: |
+          rm -rf /tmp/.buildx-cache
+          mv /tmp/.buildx-cache-new /tmp/.buildx-cache
+
       - name: Linting
-        run: docker build --target lint .
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
+        with:
+          target: lint
+          cache-from: type=local,src=/tmp/.buildx-cache
 
       - name: Mocks check
-        run: docker build --target mocks .
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
+        with:
+          target: mocks
+          cache-from: type=local,src=/tmp/.buildx-cache
 
       - name: Build test image
-        run: docker build --target test -t test-container .
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
+        with:
+          target: test
+          tags: test-container
+          cache-from: type=local,src=/tmp/.buildx-cache
 
       - name: Run tests in test container
         run: |
@@ -61,7 +95,12 @@ jobs:
           test-container
 
       - name: Build final image
-        run: docker build -t final-image .
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
+        with:
+          target: tests
+          tags: final-image
+          push: false
+          cache-from: type=local,src=/tmp/.buildx-cache
 
   codeql:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest