Update Density Matrix and State Vector Simulators to work when an operation allocates new qubits as part of its decomposition (#6108)

* WIP add factoring and kron methods to sim state for adding and removing ancillas in state vector and density matrix simulators

* add test cases

* add delegating gate test case

* update test

* all tests pass

* add test case for unitary Y

* nit

* addresses PR comments by adding empty checks. Applys formatter. Subsequent push will add more test cases per Tanuj's comment

* nit formatting changes, add docustring with input/output for remove_qubits

* merge this branch and tanujkhattar/Cirq@ccde689

* merging branches, adding test coverage in next push

* format files

* add coverage tests

* change assert

* coverage and type check tests should pass

* incorporate tanujkhattar/Cirq@1db8ac5

* nit

* remove block comment

* add coverage

---------

Co-authored-by: Tanuj Khattar <tanujkhattar@google.com>

Author: senecameeks

cirq-core/cirq/protocols/act_on_protocol.py

@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ def act_on(
 
     arg_fallback = getattr(sim_state, '_act_on_fallback_', None)
     if arg_fallback is not None:
-        qubits = action.qubits if isinstance(action, ops.Operation) else qubits
+        qubits = action.qubits if is_op else qubits
         result = arg_fallback(action, qubits=qubits, allow_decompose=allow_decompose)
         if result is True:
             return

cirq-core/cirq/sim/density_matrix_simulation_state.py

@@ -285,6 +285,22 @@ def __init__(
         )
         super().__init__(state=state, prng=prng, qubits=qubits, classical_data=classical_data)
 
+    def add_qubits(self, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid']):
+        ret = super().add_qubits(qubits)
+        return (
+            self.kronecker_product(type(self)(qubits=qubits), inplace=True)
+            if ret is NotImplemented
+            else ret
+        )
+
+    def remove_qubits(self, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid']):
+        ret = super().remove_qubits(qubits)
+        if ret is not NotImplemented:
+            return ret
+        extracted, remainder = self.factor(qubits)
+        remainder._state._density_matrix *= extracted._state._density_matrix.reshape(-1)[0]
+        return remainder
+
     def _act_on_fallback_(
         self, action: Any, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid'], allow_decompose: bool = True
     ) -> bool:

cirq-core/cirq/sim/density_matrix_simulation_state_test.py

@@ -123,3 +123,15 @@ def test_initial_state_bad_shape():
         cirq.DensityMatrixSimulationState(
             qubits=qubits, initial_state=np.full((2, 2, 2, 2), 1 / 4), dtype=np.complex64
         )
+
+
+def test_remove_qubits():
+    """Test the remove_qubits method."""
+    q1 = cirq.LineQubit(0)
+    q2 = cirq.LineQubit(1)
+    state = cirq.DensityMatrixSimulationState(qubits=[q1, q2])
+
+    new_state = state.remove_qubits([q1])
+
+    assert len(new_state.qubits) == 1
+    assert q1 not in new_state.qubits

cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulation_state.py

@@ -166,6 +166,38 @@ def create_merged_state(self) -> Self:
         """Creates a final merged state."""
         return self
 
+    def add_qubits(self: Self, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid']):
+        """Add qubits to a new state space and take the kron product.
+
+        Note that only Density Matrix and State Vector simulators
+        override this function.
+
+        Args:
+            qubits: Sequence of qubits to be added.
+
+        Returns:
+            NotImplemented: If the subclass does not implement this method.
+
+        Raises:
+             ValueError: If a qubit being added is already tracked.
+        """
+        if any(q in self.qubits for q in qubits):
+            raise ValueError(f"Qubit to add {qubits} should not already be tracked.")
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def remove_qubits(self: Self, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid']) -> Self:
+        """Remove qubits from the state space.
+
+        Args:
+            qubits: Sequence of qubits to be added.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Simulation State with qubits removed. Or
+            `self` if there are no qubits to remove."""
+        if qubits is None or not qubits:
+            return self
+        return NotImplemented
+
     def kronecker_product(self, other: Self, *, inplace=False) -> Self:
         """Joins two state spaces together."""
         args = self if inplace else copy.copy(self)
@@ -294,13 +326,24 @@ def strat_act_on_from_apply_decompose(
     val: Any, args: 'cirq.SimulationState', qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid']
 ) -> bool:
     operations, qubits1, _ = _try_decompose_into_operations_and_qubits(val)
-    assert len(qubits1) == len(qubits)
-    qubit_map = {q: qubits[i] for i, q in enumerate(qubits1)}
     if operations is None:
         return NotImplemented
+    assert len(qubits1) == len(qubits)
+    all_qubits = frozenset([q for op in operations for q in op.qubits])
+    qubit_map = dict(zip(all_qubits, all_qubits))
+    qubit_map.update(dict(zip(qubits1, qubits)))
+    new_ancilla = tuple(q for q in sorted(all_qubits.difference(qubits)) if q not in args.qubits)
+    args = args.add_qubits(new_ancilla)
+    if args is NotImplemented:
+        return NotImplemented
     for operation in operations:
         operation = operation.with_qubits(*[qubit_map[q] for q in operation.qubits])
         protocols.act_on(operation, args)
+    args = args.remove_qubits(new_ancilla)
+    if args is NotImplemented:  # coverage: ignore
+        raise TypeError(  # coverage: ignore
+            f"{type(args)} implements `add_qubits` but not `remove_qubits`."  # coverage: ignore
+        )  # coverage: ignore
     return True
 
 

cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulation_state_test.py

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 import cirq
 from cirq.sim import simulation_state
+from cirq.testing import PhaseUsingCleanAncilla, PhaseUsingDirtyAncilla
 
 
 class DummyQuantumState(cirq.QuantumStateRepresentation):
@@ -33,32 +34,90 @@ def reindex(self, axes):
 
 
 class DummySimulationState(cirq.SimulationState):
-    def __init__(self):
-        super().__init__(state=DummyQuantumState(), qubits=cirq.LineQubit.range(2))
+    def __init__(self, qubits=cirq.LineQubit.range(2)):
+        super().__init__(state=DummyQuantumState(), qubits=qubits)
 
     def _act_on_fallback_(
         self, action: Any, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid'], allow_decompose: bool = True
     ) -> bool:
         return True
 
 
+class AncillaZ(cirq.Gate):
+    def __init__(self, exponent=1):
+        self._exponent = exponent
+
+    def num_qubits(self) -> int:
+        return 1
+
+    def _decompose_(self, qubits):
+        ancilla = cirq.NamedQubit('Ancilla')
+        yield cirq.CX(qubits[0], ancilla)
+        yield cirq.Z(ancilla) ** self._exponent
+        yield cirq.CX(qubits[0], ancilla)
+
+
+class AncillaH(cirq.Gate):
+    def __init__(self, exponent=1):
+        self._exponent = exponent
+
+    def num_qubits(self) -> int:
+        return 1
+
+    def _decompose_(self, qubits):
+        ancilla = cirq.NamedQubit('Ancilla')
+        yield cirq.H(ancilla) ** self._exponent
+        yield cirq.CX(ancilla, qubits[0])
+        yield cirq.H(ancilla) ** self._exponent
+
+
+class AncillaY(cirq.Gate):
+    def __init__(self, exponent=1):
+        self._exponent = exponent
+
+    def num_qubits(self) -> int:
+        return 1
+
+    def _decompose_(self, qubits):
+        ancilla = cirq.NamedQubit('Ancilla')
+        yield cirq.Y(ancilla) ** self._exponent
+        yield cirq.CX(ancilla, qubits[0])
+        yield cirq.Y(ancilla) ** self._exponent
+
+
+class DelegatingAncillaZ(cirq.Gate):
+    def __init__(self, exponent=1):
+        self._exponent = exponent
+
+    def num_qubits(self) -> int:
+        return 1
+
+    def _decompose_(self, qubits):
+        a = cirq.NamedQubit('a')
+        yield cirq.CX(qubits[0], a)
+        yield AncillaZ(self._exponent).on(a)
+        yield cirq.CX(qubits[0], a)
+
+
+class Composite(cirq.Gate):
+    def num_qubits(self) -> int:
+        return 1
+
+    def _decompose_(self, qubits):
+        yield cirq.X(*qubits)
+
+
 def test_measurements():
     args = DummySimulationState()
     args.measure([cirq.LineQubit(0)], "test", [False], {})
     assert args.log_of_measurement_results["test"] == [5]
 
 
 def test_decompose():
-    class Composite(cirq.Gate):
-        def num_qubits(self) -> int:
-            return 1
-
-        def _decompose_(self, qubits):
-            yield cirq.X(*qubits)
-
     args = DummySimulationState()
-    assert simulation_state.strat_act_on_from_apply_decompose(
-        Composite(), args, [cirq.LineQubit(0)]
+    assert (
+        simulation_state.strat_act_on_from_apply_decompose(Composite(), args, [cirq.LineQubit(0)])
+        is NotImplemented
     )
 
 
@@ -101,3 +160,98 @@ def test_field_getters():
     args = DummySimulationState()
     assert args.prng is np.random
     assert args.qubit_map == {q: i for i, q in enumerate(cirq.LineQubit.range(2))}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('exp', [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3])
+def test_ancilla_z(exp):
+    q = cirq.LineQubit(0)
+    test_circuit = cirq.Circuit(AncillaZ(exp).on(q))
+
+    control_circuit = cirq.Circuit(cirq.ZPowGate(exponent=exp).on(q))
+
+    assert_test_circuit_for_sv_dm_simulators(test_circuit, control_circuit)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('exp', [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3])
+def test_ancilla_y(exp):
+    q = cirq.LineQubit(0)
+    test_circuit = cirq.Circuit(AncillaY(exp).on(q))
+
+    control_circuit = cirq.Circuit(cirq.Y(q))
+    control_circuit.append(cirq.Y(q))
+    control_circuit.append(cirq.XPowGate(exponent=exp).on(q))
+
+    assert_test_circuit_for_sv_dm_simulators(test_circuit, control_circuit)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('exp', [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3])
+def test_borrowable_qubit(exp):
+    q = cirq.LineQubit(0)
+    test_circuit = cirq.Circuit()
+    test_circuit.append(cirq.H(q))
+    test_circuit.append(cirq.X(q))
+    test_circuit.append(AncillaH(exp).on(q))
+
+    control_circuit = cirq.Circuit(cirq.H(q))
+
+    assert_test_circuit_for_sv_dm_simulators(test_circuit, control_circuit)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('exp', [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3])
+def test_delegating_gate_qubit(exp):
+    q = cirq.LineQubit(0)
+
+    test_circuit = cirq.Circuit()
+    test_circuit.append(cirq.H(q))
+    test_circuit.append(DelegatingAncillaZ(exp).on(q))
+
+    control_circuit = cirq.Circuit(cirq.H(q))
+    control_circuit.append(cirq.ZPowGate(exponent=exp).on(q))
+
+    assert_test_circuit_for_sv_dm_simulators(test_circuit, control_circuit)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('num_ancilla', [1, 2, 3])
+def test_phase_using_dirty_ancilla(num_ancilla: int):
+    q = cirq.LineQubit(0)
+    anc = cirq.NamedQubit.range(num_ancilla, prefix='anc')
+
+    u = cirq.MatrixGate(cirq.testing.random_unitary(2 ** (num_ancilla + 1)))
+    test_circuit = cirq.Circuit(
+        u.on(q, *anc), PhaseUsingDirtyAncilla(ancilla_bitsize=num_ancilla).on(q)
+    )
+    control_circuit = cirq.Circuit(u.on(q, *anc), cirq.Z(q))
+    assert_test_circuit_for_sv_dm_simulators(test_circuit, control_circuit)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('num_ancilla', [1, 2, 3])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('theta', np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 10))
+def test_phase_using_clean_ancilla(num_ancilla: int, theta: float):
+    q = cirq.LineQubit(0)
+    u = cirq.MatrixGate(cirq.testing.random_unitary(2))
+    test_circuit = cirq.Circuit(
+        u.on(q), PhaseUsingCleanAncilla(theta=theta, ancilla_bitsize=num_ancilla).on(q)
+    )
+    control_circuit = cirq.Circuit(u.on(q), cirq.ZPowGate(exponent=theta).on(q))
+    assert_test_circuit_for_sv_dm_simulators(test_circuit, control_circuit)
+
+
+def test_add_qubits_raise_value_error(num_ancilla=1):
+    q = cirq.LineQubit(0)
+    args = cirq.StateVectorSimulationState(qubits=[q])
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='should not already be tracked.'):
+        args.add_qubits([q])
+
+
+def test_remove_qubits_not_implemented(num_ancilla=1):
+    args = DummySimulationState()
+
+    assert args.remove_qubits([cirq.LineQubit(0)]) is NotImplemented
+
+
+def assert_test_circuit_for_sv_dm_simulators(test_circuit, control_circuit) -> None:
+    for test_simulator in ['cirq.final_state_vector', 'cirq.final_density_matrix']:
+        test_sim = eval(test_simulator)(test_circuit)
+        control_sim = eval(test_simulator)(control_circuit)
+        assert np.allclose(test_sim, control_sim)

cirq-core/cirq/sim/state_vector_simulation_state.py

@@ -355,6 +355,22 @@ def __init__(
         )
         super().__init__(state=state, prng=prng, qubits=qubits, classical_data=classical_data)
 
+    def add_qubits(self, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid']):
+        ret = super().add_qubits(qubits)
+        return (
+            self.kronecker_product(type(self)(qubits=qubits), inplace=True)
+            if ret is NotImplemented
+            else ret
+        )
+
+    def remove_qubits(self, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid']):
+        ret = super().remove_qubits(qubits)
+        if ret is not NotImplemented:
+            return ret
+        extracted, remainder = self.factor(qubits, inplace=True)
+        remainder._state._state_vector *= extracted._state._state_vector.reshape((-1,))[0]
+        return remainder
+
     def _act_on_fallback_(
         self, action: Any, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid'], allow_decompose: bool = True
     ) -> bool: