diff --git a/cirq-core/cirq/protocols/circuit_diagram_info_protocol.py b/cirq-core/cirq/protocols/circuit_diagram_info_protocol.py
index e476a4ef7aa..dfb6fcdc235 100644
--- a/cirq-core/cirq/protocols/circuit_diagram_info_protocol.py
+++ b/cirq-core/cirq/protocols/circuit_diagram_info_protocol.py
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ def __init__(
         known_qubit_count: int | None,
         use_unicode_characters: bool,
         precision: int | None,
-        label_map: dict[cirq.LabelEntity, int] | None,
+        label_map: dict[LabelEntity, int] | None,
         include_tags: bool = True,
         transpose: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
diff --git a/cirq-core/cirq/transformers/transformer_api.py b/cirq-core/cirq/transformers/transformer_api.py
index a299bf08de6..3fbe43f5b75 100644
--- a/cirq-core/cirq/transformers/transformer_api.py
+++ b/cirq-core/cirq/transformers/transformer_api.py
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class TRANSFORMER(Protocol):
     >>> def convert_to_cz(
     ...     circuit: cirq.AbstractCircuit,
     ...     *,
-    ...     context: 'Optional[cirq.TransformerContext]' = None,
+    ...     context: cirq.TransformerContext | None = None,
     ...     atol: float = 1e-8,
     ... ) -> cirq.Circuit:
     ...     ...
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class TRANSFORMER(Protocol):
     ...         self,
     ...         circuit: cirq.AbstractCircuit,
     ...         *,
-    ...         context: 'Optional[cirq.TransformerContext]' = None,
+    ...         context: cirq.TransformerContext | None = None,
     ...      ) -> cirq.AbstractCircuit:
     ...         ...
     """
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ def transformer(cls_or_func: Any = None, *, add_deep_support: bool = False) -> A
 
     >>> @cirq.transformer
     ... def convert_to_cz(
-    ...    circuit: cirq.AbstractCircuit, *, context: 'Optional[cirq.TransformerContext]' = None
+    ...    circuit: cirq.AbstractCircuit, *, context: cirq.TransformerContext | None = None
     ... ) -> cirq.Circuit:
     ...    ...
 
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ def transformer(cls_or_func: Any = None, *, add_deep_support: bool = False) -> A
     ...        self,
     ...        circuit: cirq.AbstractCircuit,
     ...        *,
-    ...        context: 'Optional[cirq.TransformerContext]' = None,
+    ...        context: cirq.TransformerContext | None = None,
     ...    ) -> cirq.Circuit:
     ...        ...
 
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ def transformer(cls_or_func: Any = None, *, add_deep_support: bool = False) -> A
     ... def convert_to_sqrt_iswap(
     ...     circuit: cirq.AbstractCircuit,
     ...     *,
-    ...     context: 'Optional[cirq.TransformerContext]' = None,
+    ...     context: cirq.TransformerContext | None = None,
     ...     atol: float = 1e-8,
     ...     sqrt_iswap_gate: cirq.ISwapPowGate = cirq.SQRT_ISWAP_INV,
     ...     cleanup_operations: bool = True,
diff --git a/docs/dev/plotting.md b/docs/dev/plotting.md
index 48f2047bd15..99a5aafd202 100644
--- a/docs/dev/plotting.md
+++ b/docs/dev/plotting.md
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ interactive session. The recommended way to achieve that is illustrated in the
 example below.
 
 ```python
-from typing import Any, List, Optional
+from typing import Any
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
 class Foo:
     ...
-    def plot(self, ax: Optional[plt.Axes]=None, **plot_kwargs: Any) -> plt.Axes:
+    def plot(self, ax: plt.Axes | None = None, **plot_kwargs: Any) -> plt.Axes:
         show_plot = not ax
         if ax is None:
             fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)  # or your favorite figure setup
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ not sufficient. The `plot` method of such a class should take an optional
 ```python
 class Foo:
     ...
-    def plot(self, axes: Optional[List[plt.Axes]]=None,
-             **plot_kwargs: Any) -> List[plt.Axes]:
+    def plot(self, axes: list[plt.Axes] | None = None,
+             **plot_kwargs: Any) -> list[plt.Axes]:
         show_plot = not axes
         if axes is None:
             fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2)  # or your favorite figure setup
diff --git a/docs/dev/style.md b/docs/dev/style.md
index a291182ad39..68ad0e0f237 100644
--- a/docs/dev/style.md
+++ b/docs/dev/style.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ qubit = cirq.NamedQubit('a')
 ```
 The one exception to this is for the typing code, where we prefer the direct import
 ```python
-from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
 ```
 This exception allows typing hints to be more compact.
 
diff --git a/docs/experiments/shor.ipynb b/docs/experiments/shor.ipynb
index de98c88ae89..f178780d1d1 100644
--- a/docs/experiments/shor.ipynb
+++ b/docs/experiments/shor.ipynb
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
     "\n",
     "import numpy as np\n",
     "import sympy\n",
-    "from typing import Callable, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence\n",
+    "from typing import Callable, Iterable, Sequence\n",
     "\n",
     "import cirq"
    ]
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
     "\"\"\"Function to compute the elements of Z_n.\"\"\"\n",
     "\n",
     "\n",
-    "def multiplicative_group(n: int) -> List[int]:\n",
+    "def multiplicative_group(n: int) -> list[int]:\n",
     "    \"\"\"Returns the multiplicative group modulo n.\n",
     "\n",
     "    Args:\n",
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@
     "\"\"\"Function for classically computing the order of an element of Z_n.\"\"\"\n",
     "\n",
     "\n",
-    "def classical_order_finder(x: int, n: int) -> Optional[int]:\n",
+    "def classical_order_finder(x: int, n: int) -> int | None:\n",
     "    \"\"\"Computes smallest positive r such that x**r mod n == 1.\n",
     "\n",
     "    Args:\n",
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@
    },
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "def process_measurement(result: cirq.Result, x: int, n: int) -> Optional[int]:\n",
+    "def process_measurement(result: cirq.Result, x: int, n: int) -> int | None:\n",
     "    \"\"\"Interprets the output of the order finding circuit.\n",
     "\n",
     "    Specifically, it determines s/r such that exp(2πis/r) is an eigenvalue\n",
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@
    },
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "def quantum_order_finder(x: int, n: int) -> Optional[int]:\n",
+    "def quantum_order_finder(x: int, n: int) -> int | None:\n",
     "    \"\"\"Computes smallest positive r such that x**r mod n == 1.\n",
     "\n",
     "    Args:\n",
@@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@
     "\"\"\"Functions for factoring from start to finish.\"\"\"\n",
     "\n",
     "\n",
-    "def find_factor_of_prime_power(n: int) -> Optional[int]:\n",
+    "def find_factor_of_prime_power(n: int) -> int | None:\n",
     "    \"\"\"Returns non-trivial factor of n if n is a prime power, else None.\"\"\"\n",
     "    for k in range(2, math.floor(math.log2(n)) + 1):\n",
     "        c = math.pow(n, 1 / k)\n",
@@ -1020,9 +1020,9 @@
     "\n",
     "def find_factor(\n",
     "    n: int,\n",
-    "    order_finder: Callable[[int, int], Optional[int]] = quantum_order_finder,\n",
+    "    order_finder: Callable[[int, int], int | None] = quantum_order_finder,\n",
     "    max_attempts: int = 30,\n",
-    ") -> Optional[int]:\n",
+    ") -> int | None:\n",
     "    \"\"\"Returns a non-trivial factor of composite integer n.\n",
     "\n",
     "    Args:\n",
diff --git a/docs/named_topologies.ipynb b/docs/named_topologies.ipynb
index b9b31318265..ec4ca50b794 100644
--- a/docs/named_topologies.ipynb
+++ b/docs/named_topologies.ipynb
@@ -90,8 +90,6 @@
    },
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "from typing import Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence\n",
-    "\n",
     "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
     "import numpy as np\n",
     "import networkx as nx"
diff --git a/docs/noise/qcvv/xeb_calibration_example.ipynb b/docs/noise/qcvv/xeb_calibration_example.ipynb
index 826c8c1ebc5..e3f22ada767 100644
--- a/docs/noise/qcvv/xeb_calibration_example.ipynb
+++ b/docs/noise/qcvv/xeb_calibration_example.ipynb
@@ -169,14 +169,14 @@
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
     "# @title Helper functions\n",
-    "from typing import Optional, Sequence\n",
+    "from typing import Sequence\n",
     "\n",
     "\n",
     "def create_random_circuit(\n",
     "    qubits: Sequence[cirq.GridQubit],\n",
     "    cycles: int,\n",
     "    twoq_gate: cirq.Gate = cirq.FSimGate(np.pi / 4, 0.0),\n",
-    "    seed: Optional[int] = None,\n",
+    "    seed: int | None = None,\n",
     ") -> cirq.Circuit:\n",
     "    return rqcg.random_rotations_between_grid_interaction_layers_circuit(\n",
     "        qubits,\n",
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
     "    qubits: Sequence[cirq.GridQubit],\n",
     "    cycles: int,\n",
     "    twoq_gate: cirq.Gate = cirq.FSimGate(np.pi / 4, 0.0),\n",
-    "    seed: Optional[int] = None,\n",
+    "    seed: int | None = None,\n",
     ") -> cirq.Circuit:\n",
     "    \"\"\"Returns a Loschmidt echo circuit using a random unitary U.\n",
     "\n",
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/google/echoes.ipynb b/docs/tutorials/google/echoes.ipynb
index 5e024430dfb..aa4802f6f1c 100644
--- a/docs/tutorials/google/echoes.ipynb
+++ b/docs/tutorials/google/echoes.ipynb
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
    },
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "from typing import Optional, Sequence\n",
+    "from typing import Sequence\n",
     "\n",
     "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
     "import numpy as np\n",
@@ -202,8 +202,8 @@
     "    qubits: Sequence[cirq.GridQubit],\n",
     "    cycles: int,\n",
     "    twoq_gate: cirq.Gate = cirq.FSimGate(np.pi / 4, 0.0),\n",
-    "    pause: Optional[cirq.Duration] = None,\n",
-    "    seed: Optional[int] = None,\n",
+    "    pause: cirq.Duration | None = None,\n",
+    "    seed: int | None = None,\n",
     ") -> cirq.Circuit:\n",
     "    \"\"\"Returns a Loschmidt echo circuit using a random unitary U.\n",
     "\n",
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/google/spin_echoes.ipynb b/docs/tutorials/google/spin_echoes.ipynb
index 75a1f5ee886..9d32ff00201 100644
--- a/docs/tutorials/google/spin_echoes.ipynb
+++ b/docs/tutorials/google/spin_echoes.ipynb
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
     "# @markdown Helper functions.\n",
-    "from typing import Optional, Sequence\n",
+    "from typing import Sequence\n",
     "from cirq.experiments import random_rotations_between_grid_interaction_layers_circuit\n",
     "\n",
     "\n",
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
     "    qubits: Sequence[cirq.GridQubit],\n",
     "    cycles: int,\n",
     "    twoq_gate: cirq.Gate = cirq.SQRT_ISWAP,\n",
-    "    seed: Optional[int] = None,\n",
+    "    seed: int | None = None,\n",
     "    with_optimization: bool = False,\n",
     "    with_alignment: bool = False,\n",
     "    with_spin_echoes: bool = False,\n",