[Serve] Preserve user-set gRPC status codes when exceptions are raised (#60482)

Fixes #58851

### Changes

1. **New `gRPCStatusError` exception class** - Wraps exceptions with
user-set gRPC status codes so they flow through Ray's error handling
path.
2. **Exception wrapping in replica methods** - `handle_request`,
`handle_request_streaming`, and `handle_request_with_rejection` now wrap
exceptions with `gRPCStatusError` when the user has set a status code on
the gRPC context.
3. **Status code preservation in proxy** - `get_grpc_response_status()`
now detects `gRPCStatusError` and returns the user's intended status
code instead of `INTERNAL`.
4. **Message truncation** - Added `_truncate_message()` to limit error
details to 4KB, avoiding HTTP/2 trailer size limits.
5. **Documentation updates** - Updated the gRPC guide to document the
new behavior.

---------

Signed-off-by: abrar <abrar@anyscale.com>

Author: abrarsheikh

doc/source/serve/advanced-guides/grpc-guide.md

@@ -304,7 +304,10 @@ about the request as well as setting response metadata such as code and details.
 If the handler function is defined with a `grpc_context` argument, Serve will pass a
 [RayServegRPCContext](../api/doc/ray.serve.grpc_util.RayServegRPCContext.rst) object
 in for each request. Below is an example of how to set a custom status code,
-details, and trailing metadata.
+details, and trailing metadata. You can also set a status code before raising an
+exception, and Serve will preserve that status code in the error response. This is
+useful for returning meaningful status codes like `RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED` (retryable)
+or `INVALID_ARGUMENT` (not retryable) instead of the generic `INTERNAL` error.
 
 ```{literalinclude} ../doc_code/grpc_proxy/grpc_guide.py
 :start-after: __begin_grpc_context_define_app__
@@ -320,7 +323,10 @@ The client code is defined like the following to get those attributes.
 ```
 
 :::{note}
-If the handler raises an unhandled exception, Serve will return an `INTERNAL` error code
-with the stacktrace in the details, regardless of what code and details
-are set in the `RayServegRPCContext` object.
+If the handler raises an unhandled exception without setting a status code on the
+`RayServegRPCContext` object, Serve returns an `INTERNAL` error code with the
+exception message in the details. However, if you set a status code on the context
+before raising the exception, Serve preserves that status code in the response.
+This allows you to return meaningful status codes like `INVALID_ARGUMENT` or
+`RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED` even when raising exceptions.
 :::

doc/source/serve/api/index.md

@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ See the [model composition guide](serve-model-composition) for how to update cod
    serve.exceptions.BackPressureError
    serve.exceptions.RayServeException
    serve.exceptions.RequestCancelledError
+   serve.exceptions.gRPCStatusError
    serve.exceptions.DeploymentUnavailableError
 ```
 

doc/source/serve/doc_code/grpc_proxy/grpc_guide.py

@@ -349,6 +349,13 @@ def __call__(
         grpc_context.set_details(message)
         grpc_context.set_trailing_metadata([("num", str(num))])
 
+        # You can also set a status code before raising an exception.
+        # The status code will be preserved in the response.
+        if user_message.name == "error":
+            grpc_context.set_code(grpc.StatusCode.RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED)
+            grpc_context.set_details("Resource exhausted, please retry later.")
+            raise RuntimeError("Simulated error")
+
         user_response = UserDefinedResponse(
             greeting=greeting,
             num=num,

python/ray/serve/_private/grpc_util.py

@@ -15,9 +15,17 @@
 )
 from ray.serve._private.proxy_request_response import ResponseStatus
 from ray.serve.config import gRPCOptions
-from ray.serve.exceptions import BackPressureError, DeploymentUnavailableError
+from ray.serve.exceptions import (
+    BackPressureError,
+    DeploymentUnavailableError,
+    gRPCStatusError,
+)
 from ray.serve.generated.serve_pb2_grpc import add_RayServeAPIServiceServicer_to_server
 
+# Maximum length for gRPC status details to avoid hitting HTTP/2 trailer limits.
+# gRPC default max metadata size is 8KB, so we use a conservative limit.
+GRPC_MAX_STATUS_DETAILS_LENGTH = 4096
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(SERVE_LOGGER_NAME)
 
 
@@ -110,6 +118,20 @@ async def start_grpc_server(
     return event_loop.create_task(server.wait_for_termination())
 
 
+def _truncate_message(
+    message: str, max_length: int = GRPC_MAX_STATUS_DETAILS_LENGTH
+) -> str:
+    """Truncate a message to avoid exceeding HTTP/2 trailer limits.
+
+    gRPC status details are sent as part of HTTP/2 trailers, which have a fixed size limit.
+    If the message (e.g., a stack trace) is too long, it can cause issues on the client side.
+    """
+    if len(message) <= max_length:
+        return message
+    truncation_notice = "... [truncated]"
+    return message[: max_length - len(truncation_notice)] + truncation_notice
+
+
 def get_grpc_response_status(
     exc: BaseException, request_timeout_s: float, request_id: str
 ) -> ResponseStatus:
@@ -141,6 +163,25 @@ def get_grpc_response_status(
             is_error=True,
             message=exc.message,
         )
+    elif isinstance(exc, gRPCStatusError):
+        # User set a gRPC status code before raising the exception.
+        # Respect the user's status code instead of returning INTERNAL.
+        original_exc = exc.original_exception
+        if isinstance(original_exc, (RayActorError, RayTaskError)):
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Request failed: {original_exc}", extra={"log_to_stderr": False}
+            )
+        else:
+            logger.exception(
+                f"Request failed with user-set gRPC status code {exc.grpc_code}."
+            )
+        # Use user-set details if provided, otherwise use the original exception message.
+        message = exc.grpc_details if exc.grpc_details else str(original_exc)
+        return ResponseStatus(
+            code=exc.grpc_code,
+            is_error=True,
+            message=_truncate_message(message),
+        )
     else:
         if isinstance(exc, (RayActorError, RayTaskError)):
             logger.warning(f"Request failed: {exc}", extra={"log_to_stderr": False})
@@ -149,7 +190,7 @@ def get_grpc_response_status(
         return ResponseStatus(
             code=grpc.StatusCode.INTERNAL,
             is_error=True,
-            message=str(exc),
+            message=_truncate_message(str(exc)),
         )
 
 

python/ray/serve/_private/replica.py

@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@
     BackPressureError,
     DeploymentUnavailableError,
     RayServeException,
+    gRPCStatusError,
 )
 from ray.serve.generated.serve_pb2 import (
     ASGIRequest,
@@ -972,9 +973,13 @@ async def handle_request(
         )
         with self._wrap_request(request_metadata, ray_trace_ctx):
             async with self._start_request(request_metadata):
-                return await self._user_callable_wrapper.call_user_method(
-                    request_metadata, request_args, request_kwargs
-                )
+                try:
+                    return await self._user_callable_wrapper.call_user_method(
+                        request_metadata, request_args, request_kwargs
+                    )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    # For gRPC requests, wrap exception with user-set status code
+                    raise self._maybe_wrap_grpc_exception(e, request_metadata) from e
 
     async def handle_request_streaming(
         self, request_metadata: RequestMetadata, *request_args, **request_kwargs
@@ -987,22 +992,45 @@ async def handle_request_streaming(
             request_metadata, ray_trace_ctx
         ) as status_code_callback:
             async with self._start_request(request_metadata):
-                if request_metadata.is_http_request:
-                    scope, receive = request_args
-                    async for msgs in self._user_callable_wrapper.call_http_entrypoint(
-                        request_metadata,
-                        status_code_callback,
-                        scope,
-                        receive,
-                    ):
-                        yield pickle.dumps(msgs)
-                else:
-                    async for result in self._user_callable_wrapper.call_user_generator(
-                        request_metadata,
-                        request_args,
-                        request_kwargs,
-                    ):
-                        yield result
+                try:
+                    if request_metadata.is_http_request:
+                        scope, receive = request_args
+                        async for msgs in self._user_callable_wrapper.call_http_entrypoint(
+                            request_metadata,
+                            status_code_callback,
+                            scope,
+                            receive,
+                        ):
+                            yield pickle.dumps(msgs)
+                    else:
+                        async for result in self._user_callable_wrapper.call_user_generator(
+                            request_metadata,
+                            request_args,
+                            request_kwargs,
+                        ):
+                            yield result
+                except Exception as e:
+                    # For gRPC requests, wrap exception with user-set status code
+                    raise self._maybe_wrap_grpc_exception(e, request_metadata) from e
+
+    def _maybe_wrap_grpc_exception(
+        self, e: BaseException, request_metadata: RequestMetadata
+    ) -> BaseException:
+        """Wrap exception with gRPCStatusError if user set a status code.
+
+        For gRPC requests, if the user set a status code on the grpc_context before
+        raising an exception, we wrap the exception with gRPCStatusError to preserve
+        the user's intended status code through the error handling path.
+        """
+        if request_metadata.is_grpc_request:
+            grpc_context = request_metadata.grpc_context
+            if grpc_context and grpc_context.code():
+                return gRPCStatusError(
+                    original_exception=e,
+                    code=grpc_context.code(),
+                    details=grpc_context.details(),
+                )
+        return e
 
     async def handle_request_with_rejection(
         self, request_metadata: RequestMetadata, *request_args, **request_kwargs
@@ -1032,26 +1060,30 @@ async def handle_request_with_rejection(
                     num_ongoing_requests=self.get_num_ongoing_requests(),
                 )
 
-                if request_metadata.is_http_request:
-                    scope, receive = request_args
-                    async for msgs in self._user_callable_wrapper.call_http_entrypoint(
-                        request_metadata,
-                        status_code_callback,
-                        scope,
-                        receive,
-                    ):
-                        yield pickle.dumps(msgs)
-                elif request_metadata.is_streaming:
-                    async for result in self._user_callable_wrapper.call_user_generator(
-                        request_metadata,
-                        request_args,
-                        request_kwargs,
-                    ):
-                        yield result
-                else:
-                    yield await self._user_callable_wrapper.call_user_method(
-                        request_metadata, request_args, request_kwargs
-                    )
+                try:
+                    if request_metadata.is_http_request:
+                        scope, receive = request_args
+                        async for msgs in self._user_callable_wrapper.call_http_entrypoint(
+                            request_metadata,
+                            status_code_callback,
+                            scope,
+                            receive,
+                        ):
+                            yield pickle.dumps(msgs)
+                    elif request_metadata.is_streaming:
+                        async for result in self._user_callable_wrapper.call_user_generator(
+                            request_metadata,
+                            request_args,
+                            request_kwargs,
+                        ):
+                            yield result
+                    else:
+                        yield await self._user_callable_wrapper.call_user_method(
+                            request_metadata, request_args, request_kwargs
+                        )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    # For gRPC requests, wrap exception with user-set status code
+                    raise self._maybe_wrap_grpc_exception(e, request_metadata) from e
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def _on_initialized(self):

python/ray/serve/exceptions.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from typing import Optional
 
+import grpc
+
 from ray.exceptions import TaskCancelledError
 from ray.serve._private.common import DeploymentID
 from ray.util.annotations import PublicAPI
@@ -10,6 +12,48 @@ class RayServeException(Exception):
     pass
 
 
+@PublicAPI(stability="stable")
+class gRPCStatusError(RayServeException):
+    """Internal exception that wraps an exception with user-set gRPC status code.
+
+    This is used to preserve user-set gRPC status codes when exceptions are raised
+    in deployments. When a user sets a status code on the gRPC context before raising
+    an exception, this wrapper carries that status code through the error handling
+    path so the proxy can return the user's intended status code instead of INTERNAL.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        original_exception: BaseException,
+        code: Optional[grpc.StatusCode] = None,
+        details: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        # Store attributes with underscore prefix to avoid conflicts with
+        # Ray's exception handling (Ray uses 'cause' internally).
+        self._original_exception = original_exception
+        self._grpc_code = code
+        self._grpc_details = details
+        super().__init__(str(original_exception))
+
+    @property
+    def original_exception(self) -> BaseException:
+        """The original exception that was raised."""
+        return self._original_exception
+
+    @property
+    def grpc_code(self) -> Optional[grpc.StatusCode]:
+        """The user-set gRPC status code, if any."""
+        return self._grpc_code
+
+    @property
+    def grpc_details(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """The user-set gRPC status details, if any."""
+        return self._grpc_details
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self._original_exception)
+
+
 @PublicAPI(stability="alpha")
 class BackPressureError(RayServeException):
     """Raised when max_queued_requests is exceeded on a DeploymentHandle."""

python/ray/serve/tests/test_grpc.py

@@ -465,8 +465,8 @@ def Streaming(
 def test_using_grpc_context_exception(ray_instance, ray_shutdown, streaming: bool):
     """Test setting code on gRPC context then raised exception.
 
-    When the deployment in the gRPC context and then raised exception, the response
-    code should still be internal error instead of user defined error.
+    When the deployment sets a status code on the gRPC context and then raises an
+    exception, the user-defined status code should be preserved in the response.
     """
     grpc_port = 9000
     grpc_servicer_functions = [
@@ -516,6 +516,68 @@ def Streaming(
             _ = stub.__call__(request=request)
     rpc_error = exception_info.value
 
+    # User-defined status code should be preserved instead of INTERNAL
+    assert rpc_error.code() == user_defined_error_code
+    assert real_error_message in rpc_error.details()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("streaming", [False, True])
+def test_exception_without_grpc_context_code(
+    ray_instance, ray_shutdown, streaming: bool
+):
+    """Test raising exception without setting gRPC status code.
+
+    When the deployment raises an exception without setting a status code on the
+    gRPC context, the response should be INTERNAL error.
+    """
+    grpc_port = 9000
+    grpc_servicer_functions = [
+        "ray.serve.generated.serve_pb2_grpc.add_UserDefinedServiceServicer_to_server",
+    ]
+
+    serve.start(
+        grpc_options=gRPCOptions(
+            port=grpc_port,
+            grpc_servicer_functions=grpc_servicer_functions,
+        ),
+    )
+    real_error_message = "test error without status code"
+
+    @serve.deployment()
+    class HelloModel:
+        def __call__(
+            self,
+            user_message: serve_pb2.UserDefinedMessage,
+            grpc_context: RayServegRPCContext,
+        ):
+            # Don't set any status code, just raise exception
+            raise RuntimeError(real_error_message)
+
+        def Streaming(
+            self,
+            user_message: serve_pb2.UserDefinedMessage,
+            grpc_context: RayServegRPCContext,
+        ):
+            # Don't set any status code, just raise exception
+            raise RuntimeError(real_error_message)
+
+    model = HelloModel.bind()
+    app_name = "app1"
+    serve.run(model, name=app_name)
+
+    url = get_application_url("gRPC", app_name=app_name, use_localhost=True)
+    channel = grpc.insecure_channel(url)
+    stub = serve_pb2_grpc.UserDefinedServiceStub(channel)
+    request = serve_pb2.UserDefinedMessage(name="foo", num=30, foo="bar")
+
+    with pytest.raises(grpc.RpcError) as exception_info:
+        if streaming:
+            list(stub.Streaming(request=request))
+        else:
+            _ = stub.__call__(request=request)
+    rpc_error = exception_info.value
+
+    # Without user-defined status code, should be INTERNAL
     assert rpc_error.code() == grpc.StatusCode.INTERNAL
     assert real_error_message in rpc_error.details()