Document that unary negation of a signed integer literal cannot cause an overflow error

See https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/ec7b753ea91d8a5640388ea74fd231f91394ee9d/compiler/rustc_mir_build/src/thir/pattern/mod.rs#L563

Author: mattheww

src/expressions/literal-expr.md

@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ If the value does not fit in `u128`, the expression is rejected by the parser.
 > `rustc` includes a [lint check] named `overflowing_literals`, defaulting to `deny`, which rejects expressions where this occurs.
 
 > **Note**: `-1i8`, for example, is an application of the [negation operator] to the literal expression `1i8`, not a single integer literal expression.
+> See [Overflow] for notes on representing the most negative value for a signed type.
 
 ## Floating-point literal expressions
 
@@ -159,6 +160,7 @@ A boolean literal expression consists of a single [BOOLEAN_LITERAL] token.
 [numeric types]: ../types/numeric.md
 [suffix]: ../tokens.md#suffixes
 [negation operator]: operator-expr.md#negation-operators
+[overflow]: operator-expr.md#overflow
 [`f32::from_str`]: ../../core/primitive.f32.md#method.from_str
 [`f32::INFINITY`]: ../../core/primitive.f32.md#associatedconstant.INFINITY
 [`f32::NAN`]: ../../core/primitive.f32.md#associatedconstant.NAN

src/expressions/operator-expr.md

@@ -22,12 +22,18 @@ Integer operators will panic when they overflow when compiled in debug mode.
 The `-C debug-assertions` and `-C overflow-checks` compiler flags can be used to control this more directly.
 The following things are considered to be overflow:
 
-* When `+`, `*` or `-` create a value greater than the maximum value, or less than the minimum value that can be stored.
-  This includes unary `-` on the smallest value of any signed integer type.
+* When `+`, `*` or binary `-` create a value greater than the maximum value, or less than the minimum value that can be stored.
+* Applying unary `-` to the most negative value of any signed integer type, unless the operand is a [literal expression] (or a literal expression standing alone inside one or more [grouped expressions][grouped expression]).
 * Using `/` or `%`, where the left-hand argument is the smallest integer of a signed integer type and the right-hand argument is `-1`.
   These checks occur even when `-C overflow-checks` is disabled, for legacy reasons.
 * Using `<<` or `>>` where the right-hand argument is greater than or equal to the number of bits in the type of the left-hand argument, or is negative.
 
+> **Note**: The exception for literal expressions behind unary `-` means that forms such as `-128_i8` or `let j: i8 = -(128)` never cause a panic.
+>
+> In these cases, the literal expression already has the most negative value for its type (for example, `128_i8` has the value -128), and two's complement overflow conventions mean the unary negation leaves the value unchanged, so the expression as a whole has the expected value.
+>
+> In rustc, these expressions are also ignored by the `overflowing_literals` lint check.
+
 ## Borrow operators
 
 > **<sup>Syntax</sup>**\
@@ -580,6 +586,8 @@ See [this test] for an example of using this dependency.
 
 [copies or moves]: ../expressions.md#moved-and-copied-types
 [dropping]: ../destructors.md
+[grouped expression]: grouped-expr.md
+[literal expression]: literal-expr.md#integer-literal-expressions
 [logical and]: ../types/boolean.md#logical-and
 [logical not]: ../types/boolean.md#logical-not
 [logical or]: ../types/boolean.md#logical-or