Update rustdoc internals

Use current paths when discussing source files.
Update cheat sheet section with download-rustc.
Add "use cases" section.

Author: jsha

src/rustdoc.md

@@ -36,30 +36,141 @@ does is call the `main()` that's in this crate's `lib.rs`, though.)
 
 ## Cheat sheet
 
+* Run `./x.py setup tools` before getting started. This will configure `x.py`
+  with nice settings for developing rustdoc and other tools, including
+  downloading a copy of rustc rather than building it.
 * Use `./x.py build` to make a usable
   rustdoc you can run on other projects.
   * Add `library/test` to be able to use `rustdoc --test`.
-  * If you've used `rustup toolchain link local /path/to/build/$TARGET/stage1`
-    previously, then after the previous build command, `cargo +local doc` will
-    Just Work.
+  * Run `rustup toolchain link stage2 build/$TARGET/stage2` to add a
+    custom toolchain called `stage2` to your rustup environment. After
+    running that, `cargo +stage2 doc` in any directory will build with
+    your locally-compiled rustdoc.
 * Use `./x.py doc library/std` to use this rustdoc to generate the
   standard library docs.
-  * The completed docs will be available in `build/$TARGET/doc/std`, though the
-    bundle is meant to be used as though you would copy out the `doc` folder to
-    a web server, since that's where the CSS/JS and landing page are.
+  * The completed docs will be available in `build/$TARGET/doc/std`.
+  * If you want to copy those docs to a webserver, copy all of
+    `build/$TARGET/doc`, since that's where the CSS, JS, fonts, and landing
+    page are.
 * Use `./x.py test src/test/rustdoc*` to run the tests using a stage1 rustdoc.
   * See [Rustdoc internals] for more information about tests.
-* Most of the HTML printing code is in `html/format.rs` and `html/render.rs`.
+
+## Code structure
+
+* All paths in this section are relative to `src/librustdoc` in the rust-lang/rust repository.
+* Most of the HTML printing code is in `html/format.rs` and `html/render/mod.rs`.
   It's in a bunch of `fmt::Display` implementations and supplementary
   functions.
 * The types that got `Display` impls above are defined in `clean/mod.rs`, right
   next to the custom `Clean` trait used to process them out of the rustc HIR.
-* The bits specific to using rustdoc as a test harness are in `test.rs`.
+* The bits specific to using rustdoc as a test harness are in
+  `doctest.rs`.
 * The Markdown renderer is loaded up in `html/markdown.rs`, including functions
   for extracting doctests from a given block of Markdown.
-* The tests on rustdoc *output* are located in `src/test/rustdoc`, where
+* The tests on the structure of rustdoc HTML output are located in `src/test/rustdoc`, where
   they're handled by the test runner of rustbuild and the supplementary script
   `src/etc/htmldocck.py`.
-* Tests on search index generation are located in `src/test/rustdoc-js`, as a
+
+## Tests
+
+* All paths in this section are relative to `src/test` in the rust-lang/rust repository.
+* Tests on search index generation are located in `rustdoc-js`, as a
   series of JavaScript files that encode queries on the standard library search
   index and expected results.
+* Tests on the "UI" of rustdoc (the terminal output it produces when run) are in
+  `rustdoc-ui`
+* Tests on the "GUI" of rustdoc (the HTML, JS, and CSS as rendered in a browser)
+  are in `rustdoc-gui`. These use a [NodeJS tool called
+  browser-UI-test](https://github.com/GuillaumeGomez/browser-UI-test/) that uses
+  puppeteer to run tests in a headless browser and check rendering and
+  interactivity.
+
+## Constraints
+
+We try to make rustdoc work reasonably well with JavaScript disabled, and when
+browsing local files. We support
+[these browsers](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/1985-tiered-browser-support.html#supported-browsers).
+
+Supporting local files (`file:///` URLs) brings some surprising restrictions.
+Certain browser features that require secure origins, like `localStorage` and
+Service Workers, don't work reliably. We can still use such features but we
+should make sure pages are still usable without them.
+
+## Multiple runs, same output directory
+
+Rustdoc can be run multiple times for varying inputs, with its output set to the
+same directory. That's how cargo produces documentation for dependencies of the
+current crate. It can also be done manually if a user wants a big
+documentation bundle with all of the docs they care about.
+
+HTML is generated independently for each crate, but there is some cross-crate
+information that we update as we add crates to the output directory:
+
+ - `crates<SUFFIX>.js` holds a list of all crates in the output directory.
+ - `search-index<SUFFIX>.js` holds a list of all searchable items.
+ - For each trait, there is a file under `implementors/.../trait.TraitName.js`
+   containing a list of implementors of that trait. The implementors may be in
+   different crates than the trait, and the JS file is updated as we discover
+   new ones.
+
+## Use cases
+
+There are a few major use cases for rustdoc that you should keep in mind when
+working on it:
+
+### Standard library docs
+
+These are published at <https://doc.rust-lang.org/std> as part of the Rust release
+process. Stable releases are also uploaded to specific versioned URLs like
+<https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.57.0/std/>. Beta and nightly docs are published to
+<https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/std/> and <https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/>.
+The docs are uploaded with the [promote-release
+tool](https://github.com/rust-lang/promote-release) and served from S3 with
+CloudFront.
+
+The standard library docs contain five crates: alloc, core, proc_macro, std, and
+test.
+
+### docs.rs
+
+When crates are published to crates.io, docs.rs automatically builds
+and publishes their documentation, for instance at
+<https://docs.rs/serde/latest/serde/>. It always builds with the current nightly
+rustdoc, so any changes you land in rustdoc are "insta-stable" in that they will
+have an immediate public effect on docs.rs. Old documentation is not rebuilt, so
+you will see some variation in UI when browsing old releases in docs.rs. Crate
+authors can request rebuilds, which will be run with the latest rustdoc.
+
+Docs.rs performs some transformations on rustdoc's output in order to save
+storage and display a navigation bar at the top. In particular, certain static
+files (like main.js and rustdoc.css may be shared across multiple invocations
+of the same version of rustdoc. Others, like crates.js and sidebar-items.js, are
+different for different invocations. Still others, like fonts, will never
+change. These categories are distinguished using the `SharedResource` enum in
+`src/librustdoc/html/render/write_shared.rs`
+
+Documentation on docs.rs is always generated for a single crate at a time, so
+the search and sidebar functionality don't include dependencies of the current
+crate.
+
+### Locally generated docs
+
+Crate authors can run `cargo doc --open` in crates they have checked
+out locally to see the docs. This is useful to check that the docs they
+are writing are useful and display correctly. It can also be useful for
+people to view documentation on crates they aren't authors of, but want to
+use. In both cases, people may use `--document-private-items` Cargo flag to
+see private methods, fields, and so on, which are normally not displayed.
+
+By default `cargo doc` will generate documentation for a crate and all of its
+dependencies. That can result in a very large documentation bundle, with a large
+(and slow) search corpus. The Cargo flag `--no-deps` inhibits that behavior and
+generates docs for just the crate.
+
+### Self-hosted project docs
+
+Some projects like to host their own documentation. For example:
+<https://docs.serde.rs/>. This is easy to do by locally generating docs, and
+simply copying them to a web server. Rustdoc's HTML output can be extensively
+customized by flags. Users can add a theme, set the default theme, and inject
+arbitrary HTML. See `rustdoc --help` for details.