Upgrade CI to Docker 24.0.0

Closes gh-35506

Author: scottfrederick

ci/images/get-docker-url.sh

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 set -e
 
-version="23.0.6"
+version="24.0.0"
 echo "https://download.docker.com/linux/static/stable/x86_64/docker-$version.tgz";