Fix FastAPI recursive exceptions

[antonpirker]

In some cases FastAPI emits an exception that has as __cause__ an ExceptionGroup that contains a single excpetion. That single exepction is the original exception. This PR prevents an infinite loop by trying to add this construct in the exception.values field.

It also introduces an hard upper limit of chained/nested transaction, to never run into an infinite loop.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 71.42857% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 84.36%. Comparing base (a5d0f01) to head (9e87b98).
Report is 1 commits behind head on potel-base.

✅ All tests successful. No failed tests found.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
sentry_sdk/utils.py	71.42%	1 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@              Coverage Diff               @@
##           potel-base    #4334      +/-   ##
==============================================
- Coverage       84.42%   84.36%   -0.07%     
==============================================
  Files             144      144              
  Lines           14636    14643       +7     
  Branches         2327     2330       +3     
==============================================
- Hits            12357    12354       -3     
- Misses           1553     1561       +8     
- Partials          726      728       +2     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
sentry_sdk/utils.py	83.47% <71.42%> (-0.11%)	⬇️

... and 3 files with indirect coverage changes