Expose provider metadata

[paddycarver]

Now that hashicorp/terraform#22583 has been merged, we need to surface the new protocol information. I'm inclined to do it using the ResourceData, as it is in the PR, but I think the open question is whether the method on ResourceData takes a pointer and unmarshals the cty into it, or whether the ResourceData method returns the cty.Value and the gocty package is used to turn it into a Go struct directly. The benefits of accepting the pointer is the gocty dependency is hidden a bit and users don't need to know or think about it. The benefits of returning the cty.Value type is it's more flexible. See also #261.

[paddycarver]

Resolved by #405

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