feat(opentelemetry-resources): add schema url

[c-ehrlich]

Which problem is this PR solving?

Resolves #4182

Short description of the changes

The JavaScript SDK, unlike most others, currently does not give the ability to provide a Schema URL to a resource. See: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blob/main/specification/resource/sdk.md#resource-creation

This PR implements the ability to provide it.

There was a previous attempt at this by another contributor, which was closed: #5070

Type of change

• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• This change requires a documentation update

How Has This Been Tested?

Please describe the tests that you ran to verify your changes. Provide instructions so we can reproduce. Please also list any relevant details for your test configuration

npm run test

• should create resource with schema URL
• should create resource without schema URL
• should merge resources with schema URL priority given to other resource
• should retain schema URL from base resource when other has no schema URL
• should retain schema URL from the resource that has it when merging
• should have empty schema URL when merging resources with no schema URL
• should handle merging with empty string schema URLs
• should maintain backward compatibility - getSchemaUrl is optional
• should work with async attributes and schema URLs

Checklist:

• Followed the style guidelines of this project
• Unit tests have been added
• Documentation has been updated

[pichlermarc]

thank you for working on this 🙂

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 95.04%. Comparing base (d63dfae) to head (fa79e88).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #5753      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   95.01%   95.04%   +0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         303      303              
  Lines        7946     7984      +38     
  Branches     1607     1617      +10     
==========================================
+ Hits         7550     7588      +38     
  Misses        396      396              

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...l/packages/otlp-transformer/src/common/internal.ts	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...tal/packages/otlp-transformer/src/logs/internal.ts	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
.../packages/otlp-transformer/src/metrics/internal.ts	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...al/packages/otlp-transformer/src/trace/internal.ts	98.43% <100.00%> (+0.02%)	⬆️
...ckages/opentelemetry-resources/src/ResourceImpl.ts	98.96% <100.00%> (+0.48%)	⬆️

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[pichlermarc]

thanks for addressing the comments, overall this looks good already - just one small blocker left 🙂

[dyladan]

Looks like most things are resolved here. After another round of reviews I think this can merge.

[dyladan]

LGTM

[dyladan]

nit: string used twice can be a constant

[c-ehrlich]

addressed in 5190bcc

Changes addressed