Make ResourceInfo available to component providers

[Nevay]

Allows propagating additional data to nested component providers and env component loaders via Context::withExtension().
This PR makes ResourceInfo available to all SDK component providers besides resource detectors.

For example JaegerRemoteSampler needs to know the service name when calling the GetSamplingStrategy endpoint.

Additionally fixes service.name always being unknown_service:php when using declarative config.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 63.63636% with 4 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 68.39%. Comparing base (ddb222d) to head (9af3763).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
.../Config/SDK/ComponentProvider/OpenTelemetrySdk.php	0.00%	4 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##               main    #1729      +/-   ##
============================================
+ Coverage     68.37%   68.39%   +0.02%     
- Complexity     2971     2973       +2     
============================================
  Files           448      448              
  Lines          9020     9028       +8     
============================================
+ Hits           6167     6175       +8     
  Misses         2853     2853              

Flag	Coverage Δ
8.1	68.11% <63.63%> (+0.05%)	⬆️
8.2	68.26% <63.63%> (+0.01%)	⬆️
8.3	68.30% <63.63%> (+0.09%)	⬆️
8.4	68.35% <63.63%> (+0.10%)	⬆️
8.5	68.22% <63.63%> (+0.02%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/API/Configuration/Context.php	90.00% <100.00%> (+90.00%)	⬆️
.../Config/SDK/ComponentProvider/OpenTelemetrySdk.php	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)

... and 4 files with indirect coverage changes

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