chore: update python base images to 3.12

[davidspek]

Fixes Issue

This PR updates the Dockerfile so that it uses Python 3.12 base images. Python 3.10 is set to be EOL very soon and since the packages are already built for 3.12 I'd say it makes sense to update the container images to this version as well.

Changes proposed

Check List (Check all the applicable boxes)

• I sign off on contributing this submission to open-source
• My code follows the code style of this project.
• My change requires changes to the documentation.
• I have updated the documentation accordingly.
• All new and existing tests passed.
• This PR does not contain plagiarized content.
• The title of my pull request is a short description of the requested changes.

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