Change internals ID and versioning scheme to avoid module conflicts

[dean0x7d]

The current PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID depends on the version of the library in order to isolate binary incompatible internals capsules. However, this does not preclude conflicts between modules built from different (binary incompatible) commits with the same version number.

For example, if one module was built with an early v2.2.dev and submitted to PyPI, it could not be loaded alongside a v2.2.x release module -- it would segfault because of incompatible internals with the same ID. (Well, whichever module was loaded first would work, but the second one would segfault on initialization.) I'm sure that a lot of projects include pybind11 as a submodule and check out a particular commit from the master branch.

This PR changes the ID to depend on PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION which is independent of the main library version. It's an integer which should be incremented whenever a binary incompatible change is made to internals.

PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND is also introduced for a similar reason.

Note: This would require some manual effort to make sure PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION was correctly incremented for incompatible changes to internals or the related functions.

[jagerman]

Could we move the definition down a bit, right before struct internals, so that it's a very visible reminder whenever some touches internals? I'm worried that it might be easy to forget and having it right there is a nice reminder.

[dean0x7d]

I consolidated everything related to internals into a new header: detail/internals.h (~200 LOC). This code was previously split between common.h and cast.h.

I also made a couple of tweaks as stated in the commit messages. I don't think there was any reason for using void* instead of type_info*, or noinline on those functions.

[dean0x7d]

type_info and module_local are also affected by incompatible changes. I modified the module_local attribute lookup to use the same versioning scheme as internals. (And also moved type_info into detail/internals.h.)