Add extra parameter to the validate functions

[anvilpete]

Change Summary

This change adds an extra parameter to the validation functions, overriding any other model configuration. After a corresponding update to Pydantic, this will enable the following from pydantic/pydantic#9278:

SomeModel(BaseModel):
    my_field: int
    model_config = ConfigDict(extra="allow")

data = SomeModel.model_validate(
    {"myfield": 1, "extra field": 2},
    extra="forbid"  # override model config and forbid extra fields just this time
)

I've tried to add tests and update existing ones where it makes sense. It's a very small change but touches a wide surface area, so please let me know if I've missed anything.

See also pydantic/pydantic#11057 for a similar request.

Related issue number

Checklist

• Unit tests for the changes exist
• (N/A) Documentation reflects the changes where applicable
• Pydantic tests pass with this pydantic-core (except for expected changes)
• My PR is ready to review, please add a comment including the phrase "please review" to assign reviewers

Selected Reviewer: @sydney-runkle

[anvilpete]

please review

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 10.52632% with 68 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/validators/mod.rs	24.24%	24 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
src/validators/model_fields.rs	0.00%	10 Missing ⚠️
src/build_tools.rs	0.00%	8 Missing ⚠️
src/validators/arguments_v3.rs	0.00%	8 Missing ⚠️
src/validators/typed_dict.rs	0.00%	5 Missing ⚠️
src/validators/dataclass.rs	0.00%	4 Missing ⚠️
src/validators/generator.rs	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️
src/validators/validation_state.rs	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️
src/url.rs	0.00%	2 Missing ⚠️

📢 Thoughts on this report? Let us know!

[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #1722 will not alter performance

_{Comparing anvilpete:extra-override (559a3e0) with main (22d34a7)}

Summary

✅ 157 untouched benchmarks

[anvilpete]

CI checks are failing with:

Warning: Failed to download action 'https://api.github.com/repos/dtolnay/rust-toolchain/tarball/4305c38b25d97ef35a8ad1f985ccf2d2242004f2'. Error: Response status code does not indicate success: 504 (Gateway Timeout). 
Warning: Back off 17.779 seconds before retry.
Error: Response status code does not indicate success: 504 (Gateway Timeout).

Hopefully a temporary issue. But how do I re-run them? [Edit: a force-push or two later, everything seems ok now]

[anvilpete]

@sydney-runkle anything I can do to help get this merged?