Add ruff to the CI for fast linting and formatting

[pavoljuhas]

The ruff tool provides a similar feature set to pylint and is orders of magnitude faster. Currently a full check of Cirq sources with check/pylint takes about 60 seconds, but is instantaneous with ruff. ruff can also do automated fixes for issues found, which is not possible with pylint.

TODO

• add CI step for ruff check
• transfer equivalent code-check rules from pylint to ruff
• incorporate ruff rules from pyle (we may skip some should they turn out too tedious to adopt)
  (moved to Enable more ruff rules for the CI #7505)

Tell us the version of Cirq where this happens

1.6.0.dev0 at 1c0ba5b