The first argument passed to compilation-start ends up being somthing like:
bundle exec rubocop --format emacs /a/path/with spaces/something.rb
One solution would be to write quotation marks around the path:
bundle exec rubocop --format emacs "/a/path/with spaces/something.rb"
I am not sure about where to fix it, but probably involves wrapping some expresion inside shell-quote-argument.
Maybe here?