Add support for new output path format

[dsplaisted]

This ports the artifacts output support from #29599 to main. This implements the design in dotnet/designs#281.

In addition to porting the code, it also includes the following:

• De-duplicate ArtifactsPath calculation logic by adding a .props file which can be imported from two different places depending on whether there are any artifacts output properties set in Directory.Build.props (or the command line) or not.
• Add telemetry to help us understand how and how much the artifacts output format is used.

Still to do:

• De-duplicate test solution creation code
• Add hook to MSBuild to inject targets after Directory.Build.props import, and use that in SDK instead of duplicate import logic.

[ghost]

I couldn't figure out the best area label to add to this PR. If you have write-permissions please help me learn by adding exactly one area label.

[javiercn]

Changes from the ASP.NET Core perspective look good. Let us know if you need further input from our side

[nagilson]

The port and solution consolidation looks great to me. Thank you for consolidating those. :)